in Organization

1. PERCEPTION AND LEARNING

2. PERCEPTION
 What you get from this picture.??
 Different people understood same things differently.
This occurs due to perception.

3. PERCEPTION DEFINITION
 Oxford defines perception as
“receiving, collecting, action of taking
possession, apprehension with the mind or senses.”
 Simply, “it is the process of attaining awareness or
understanding of the environment by organizing and
interpreting sensory information.”

4. Attitudes and
Behavior
Organization and
Interpretation
Selective Attention
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS MODEL
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
Environmental Stimuli

5. FEATURES OF PERCEPTION
 It is an intellectual process.
 It is a process of becoming aware of situations.
 It is a psychological process.
 It differs from person to person.

6. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

7. PERCEPTION PROCESS.
 Receiving stimuli.
 Selection of stimuli.
 Organisation of stimuli.
 Interpretation of stimuli.

8. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION.
INTERNAL FACTORS:
 Learning.
 Needs.
 Age difference.
 Interest.
 Experience.
 Personality.
 Belief.
EXTERNAL FACTORS:
Nature .
Location.
Intensity.
Size.
Contrast.
Movement.
Repetition.
Novelty and familiarity.

10. Learning is another important variable
of human behaviour. Learning is a term
frequently used by the people in a wide
variety of contexts. It is a continuous
process. It occurs all the time.
LEARNING

11. DEFINITIONS
E. R Hilgard defines learning as “a permanent change
in behaviour that occurs as a result of prior experience”.
Mitchel has defined learning is “the process by which
new behaviour are acquired”.

12. So it seen that all are generally
agreed, learning involves changes in
behaviour, practicing new behaviour and
establishing permanency in the change.

13. Features of Learning
 Learning involves change in behaviour.
This change in behaviour may not be
necessarily being an improvement over previous
behaviour. This change may be good or bad from an
organizational point of view.

14.  The change must be relatively permanent
Temporary changes may be only reflective
and fail to represent experience.
Learning is reflected in behaviour.
The behavioural change must be based on
some form of practical experience.

15.  The practice of experience must be
reinforced in order for learning to occur.
 Learning occurs through out one’s life.

16. Steps in Learning Process
 Input
There should be a stimulus which is
clearer to the learner. Without a
stimulus, learning does not take place.

17. Response
The stimulus results in responses. Responses
may be physical from or may be in terms of attitudes,
familiarity, perception or other complex phenomena.
A person should be encouraged and allowed to
practice the performance response.

18.  Motivation
There must be a motivation or drive before
there can be any learning. Motivation is
something that moves a person to action, and
continues him in the course of action already
initiated. It includes interest and the attitude to
learn. He is likely to learn even though he
possesses adequate capacity to learn and
understands what is being taught.

19.  Reinforcement
It is the fundamental condition of learning.
Reinforcement in learning is some type of reward
following the performance of an activity that leads to
the likely hood of the activity being performed again.
If a person is not rewarded or does not perceive the
like of the reward in near future, he stops learning.

20. THEORIES OF LEARNING

21. THEORIES OF LEARNING
Learning is the acquisition of new behaviour. People
acquire new behaviour frequently. A number of
theories of learning are so far developed. These
theories can be grouped in three categories. They are
conditioning theory, Cognitive theory and Social
learning theory.

22. 1) Conditioning Theory
Conditioning has two main theories;
1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning.

23. a) Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning states that behaviour which is
learned by repetitive association between a stimulus and a
response.
Classical conditioning through offers explanation for
learning, fails to explain total behaviour. Certain
psychologists mention classical conditioning is passive.

24. b) Operant Conditioning
Operant can be defined as behaviour that produces
effects. Operant conditioning acts on environment to
produces consequences. It is basically assumed that
man’s behaviour is determined by environment and
individual learn by producing alteration in their
environment. Operant conditioning presupposes that
human being explore their environment and act upon
it.

25. 2) Cognitive Theory of Learning
Cognitive theory is very much alive and relevant today.
It refers to an individual’s ideas, thoughts’
knowledge, interpretations, and understanding about
him and his environment. This theory was developed
by Tolman. This theory assumes that the organism
learns the meaning of various objects and events and
learned responses depend upon the meaning assigned
to stimuli.

26. 3) Social Learning Theory
Cognitive theory is very much alive and relevant today. It
refers to an individual’s ideas, thoughts’
knowledge, interpretations, and understanding about him
and his environment. This theory was developed by
Tolman. This theory assumes that the organism learns the
meaning of various objects and events and learned
responses depend upon the meaning assigned to stimuli.
Social learning theory stresses upon the ability of an
individual to learn by observing model-parents, teachers,
motion pictures, T.V artists, bosses and others. Many
pattern of behaviour are watching the behaviour of others
and observes its consequences for them.