My presentation Covers
Insertion of Foreign gene into host plant from any other plant or organism to make plant resistance against insect pests attack or to increase plant productivity/shelf life is known as "Genetically Modified Plants"
My presentation included
1. Methods to make GM crops
A. Direct Gene Methods
B. Vector Mediated Methods
C. Intact plant Methods
A. Direct Methods:
i. Physical Methods
ii. Chemical Methods
Physical Methods:
i. Micro-injection
ii. Particle bombardment
iii. Gene Gun Method
iv. Laser Micro-Beam
v. Electroporation
Chemical Methods:
i. Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA
ii. Liposome Encapsulation
iii. Silicon Carbide Fiber
B. Vector Mediated Methods:
i. Bacteria
ii. Viruses
C. Intact Plant
i. Macro-Injection
ii. Pollen Tube Pathway
2. Why Need to make GM Crops
Increase Shelf Life, Productivity, make Resistance against insect pests etc
3. Risks/Side Effects of GM Crops
4. Released Varieties of GM Crops
Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Papaya, Oil seeds
5. Resistance against Insect Diversity
Mosaic Viruses, Bollworms, Ringspot Vrius etc
6. Questions
4. CONTENTS
Introduction to GM Crops
Biological Requirements to Make GM Crops
Methods to Make GM Crops
Need of GM Crops
GM Crops Released
Traits of Different GM Crops
Bt Cotton Varieties, Production
Risks/ Side Effects
References
5. GENETIC MODIFICATION OF PLANTS
Transfer and stable integration of
the genes (Desired) into the genome
of a plant, from other plants or
organisms.
BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS TO
MAKE GM CROPS
Host
Plant/Cells
Genes
(Desired)
Vector
Suitable
Method to introduce
Foreign Gene
Procedure to select and
Regenerate Transgenic
Plant
6. METHODS TO INSERT GENE(S)
IN PLANT
Physical
Chemical
Direct Gene
Transfer (DGT)
Biological
Vector
Medicated
Intact Plant
7. Direct Gene
Transfer
Physical
Electro-poration
Micro-injection
Gene Gun Method
Particle
Bombardment
Laser Micro-beam
Chemical
Physico-chemical Uptake of
DNA
Liposome Encapsulation
Silicon Carbide Fiber
9. • CREATION OF PORES IN
PROTOPLAST MEMBRANE BY
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES, TO
INCREASE PLASMA MEMBRANE
PERMEABILITY AND UPTAKE OF
DNA, CONTAINED IN THE
SURROUNDING SOLUTION.
• SUCCESSFULLY USED FOR
OBTAINING TRANSGENIC
TOBACCO, MAIZE AND
14. liposomes are small lipids bags, in which large number
of plasmids are encapsulated. these liposome enters
the cell (protoplast) by the process of endo-cytosis and
lipase activity release in cytoplasm, for the integration
of host genome.
not commonly use.
Delivery of DNA in plant cell cytoplasm and nucleus by vortexing
of suspension culture cells in a medium containing Silicon Carbide
Fibers and Plasmid DNA.
Simple and inexpensive method.
Silicon Carbide Fiber
Liposome
Encapsulation
Plant cell protoplasts treated with PEG (Poly Ethylene
Glycol), allowing uptake of DNA from the surrounding
solution.
Successfully used for obtaining transgenic Maize, Rice,
Strawberry, Brassica, etc.
Physico-chemical
Uptake of DNA
23. PUNJAB SEED COUNCIL
Punjab Seed Council (PSC) approved 39 Varieties of
different crops
15- Bt Cotton 1- of
each
6- Rice
Sugarcane
2- Wheat
Tomato
2- Gram
Potato
3- Citrus
Turnip
4- Peach
3- Flowers
1. FH-118
2. FH-142
3. VH-259
4. BH-178
5. CIM-599
6. CIM-602
7. IR-NIAB-824
8. IUB-222
9. CEMB-33
10.SAIBAN-201
11.SITARA 11M
12.TARZAN-2
13.A-555
14.KZ-188
15. CA-
12
Bt
Cotton
Crops Referen
ce
Report by:
The Nation
Newspaper
12-Dec-
2013
24. Rank Country 2009 2010 2011
1 China 6,377,000 5,970,000 6,588,950
2 India 4,083,400 5,683,000 5,984,000
3 United States 2,653,520 3,941,700 3,412,550
4 Pakistan 2,111,400 1,869,000 2,312,000
5 Brazil 956,189 973,449 1,673,337
6 Uzbekistan 1,128,200 1,136,120 983,400
7 Turkey 638,250 816,705 954,600
8 Australia 329,000 386,800 843,572
9 Turkmenistan 220,100 330,000 330,000
10 Argentina 135,000 230,000 295,000
— World 19,848,921 22,714,154 24,941,738
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization
Top 10 Cotton Producing Countries
(in metric tonnes)
25. Soil Sterility and Pollution
Food Allergy
Increase Body Toxicity
Negative Reproductive
Effects
RISKS OF GM
CROPS
Negative Effects To
Digestive System
Loss of Natural Variety
(Genes)
Loss of Natural Enemies
(Due to Absence of their
host)
26. Introduction to GM Crops
Biological Requirements
Methods to Make GM Crops
Direct Method
Vector Mediated
Need of GM Crops
Improve Quality
Increase Resistance
GM Crops Released
Traits of Different GM Crops
Risks/ Side Effects
References
27. Bidney D, Scelonge C, Martich J, Burrus M, Sims L, et al. 1992. Microprojectile bombardment of
plant tissues increases transformation frequency by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Mol. Biol.
18:301–13
Birch RG, Bower R. 1994. Principles of gene transfer using particle bombardment. In Particle
Bombardment Technology for Gene Transfer, ed. N-S Yang, P Christou, pp. 3–37. New York:
Oxford Univ. Press
Birch RG, Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Franks T, et al. 1996. Expression of foreign genes in
sugarcane. In Proc. Int.
Soc. Sugarcane Technol. Congr.,Cartegena, Sept. 1995, 22nd, ed. JH Cock,T Brekelbaum, 2:368–
73. Cali, Colombia: Tecnicana
Birch RG, Franks T. 1991. Development and optimization of microprojectile systems for plant
genetic transformation. Aust.J. Plant Physiol. 18:453–69
Bourque JE. 1995. Antisense strategies for genetic manipulations in plants. Plant Sci.105:125–49
Bowen B. 1993. Markers for plant genetransfer. See Ref. 90, 1:89–123
Bower R, Birch RG. 1992. Transgenic sugarcane plants via microprojectile bombardment.Plant J.
2:409–16
Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Birch RG. 1996. High-efficiency, microprojectile-mediated
cotrans formation of sugarcane, using visible or selectable markers.Mol. Breed. 2:239–49
Buising CM, Benbow RM. 1994. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants generated by
microprojectile bombardment: Effect of petunia transformation booster sequence. Mol. Gen.
Genet. 243:71–81
References