4 g technology safal

4G Wireless Technology
Submitted By Safal Agrawal
Bhujbal Knowledge City
MET's Institute Of Engineering
Adgaon, Nashik - 422003.
ACADEMIC YEAR 2009-2010
A SEMINAR
ON
““44GG TTEEHHNNOOLLOOGGYY””
SUBMITTED IN
DEPARTMENT OF MCA
GGUUIIDDEEDD BBYY
PPrrooff.. ……………………
PPRRSSEENNTTEEDD BBYY
MMrr.. SSaaffaall AAggrraawwaall
MCA
ROLL NO. ..

4G
The Next Generation Wireless Network Technology

INDEX
1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 04
2. Wireless Area Networks -------------------------------------------------------- 05
2.1 Major components and elements of a wireless network
2.2 Classifications
3. 4G Wireless Evolutions ---------------------------------------------------------- 07
3.1 History
3.2 1G (First Generation)
3.3 2G (Second Generation)
3.4 3G (Third Generation)
3.5 Two Distinct 3G Families
3.6 4G (Fourth Generation)
3.7 Two Characteristics of 4G
4. Beyond 3G --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
5. 4G Wireless Technology ----------------------------------------------------------- 12
5.1 Features of the 4G systems
5.2 Fourth Generation Development
6. 4G Architecture --------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
6.1 4G Wireless Standards
6.2 Wireless Networks
6.3 Advantages of 4G Networks
6.4 Disadvantage of 4G
7. 4G Network Systems ------------------------------------------------------------- 17
7.1 Potential “4G” Network Ideas
7.2 Self-organizing Ad-hoc networks for 4G
7.3 4G Networks Advances
7.4 4G Investment Hotspots
8. 4G Design Challenges ------------------------------------------------------------- 20
8.1 Key Challenges

9. The Impact of 3G & 4G Wireless Technology on Carriers
Network Development Strategies ---------------------------------------------- 23
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Principle Technologies
9.3 Impact of 3G and 4G
10. 4G Mobile Computing Applications ----------------------------------------- 25
10.1 4G Mobile Network Features
10.2 Future Outlook
11. Technology - Parameters of 3G Vs 4G -------------------------------------- 28
12. 4G Air Interfaces ----------------------------------------------------------------- 29
12.1 4G Forums
13. Summary -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
14. Glossary --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
15. Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32
16. Bibliography ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

1. INTRODUCTION
The use of G, standing for generation in mobile technology covers the major advances of the
past 20-30 years. Since the first generation of so-called “analogue” mobile radio networks
was created in 1980, the mobile telephone has seen many upheavals. 1G technology involved
the first widely available mobile phones. 2G technology, which began in the early 1990s,
switched to a digital format and introduced text messaging. In 1991, with the appearance of
GSM, second-generation (or 2G) mobile telephony, it became a veritable phenomenon.
Gradually, almost everyone started to have a mobile phone. 2002 saw the arrival of UMTS,
and 3G was born. 3G technology improved the efficiency of how data is carried, making it
possible to carry enhanced information services such as websites in their original format. The
latest iPhone is the best known example of 3G technology.
To define a new generation of mobile systems that would see the
light of day by 2010, the notion of 4G was introduced in the early 2000s. The idea was to
perpetuate the logic of replacing one mobile generation with another every 10 years.4G
mobile is yet established as increasing data transfer speeds, 4G mobile should use enhanced
security measures. Another goal is to reduce blips in transmission when a device moves
between areas covered by different networks. 4G mobile networks should also use a network
based on the IP address system used for the internet.

2. WIRELESS NETWORK
Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly
associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections between nodes is
implemented without the use of wires. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally
implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses
electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually
takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the network.
2.1 Major components and elements of a wireless network:
1. Different range of wireless towers
 Cellular towers
 Base stations
 Access points (APs)
a) These antennae transceivers communicate with all types of wireless devices,
exchange data or voice with them.
b) They transmit that information through relays and cables eventually back to the
wires of the Internet.
c) Different types of wireless devices - based on radios.
2.2 Classifications
Types of wireless networks:
- Wireless analog network - based on analog circuit-built connections
- Wireless digital network - based on package-switched connections
Three types of Wireless Internet Networks:
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Wireless Local Area Network (Wireless LAN)
- PAN (Personal Area Network), such as Bluetooth, Infrared
Other classifications:
- large, public, cellular phone networks
- private in-building wireless networks
- room-wide networks

Figure: 1 Wireless Area Networks
Figure: 2 Wireless Personal Area Networks

3. 4G WIRELESS EVOLUTION
3.1 History
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed
for users in cars to the public land-line based telephon e network. Then in the sixties, a
system launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or “Improved Mobile Telephone Service",
brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first
analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The
systems were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or
"cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver.
3.2 First Generation (1G)
First generation analog cellular networks were built strictly for voice calls in the early
1980s.All 1G networks are based on Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), an air
interface that guarantees a dedicated frequency and circuit to each caller.
The Japanese began national service in 1979. The U.S. service, Advanced Mobile Phone
Service (AMPS), operates at 800 MHz’s each country has its own 1G air interface protocol.
Major features:
 Circuit-switched network
 Analog signals
 Voice only
 AMPS in U.S.
3.3 Second Generation (2G)
 What is a 2G network?
- The 2G networks have digital cellular air interfaces.
- They were all brought to market in the early 1990s.
- The 2G network includes data services, fax, and email. Almost every wireless,
device sold in 2002 uses one of the second-generation air interfaces.

Major features:
 Circuit-switched network
 Digital signals
 Voice or data overlay
 9 kbps or 19 kbps
 Dial-up service
 TDMA, CDMA, PDC, or GSM air interfaces
3.4 Third Generation (3G)
3G networks are designed to support digital packet cellular.
What is a 3G network?
3G is the wireless Internet transmitting voice, data, photos, audio and video–all bits running
on a wireless packet-based cellular network.
Major features:
 Packet switched, Transport roaming.
 Dynamic allocation of voice or data.
 Quality sound and video.
 Data transmission at 2 Mbps.
 Identification of caller location.
 W-CDMA, CDMA 2000, TDD, UWC, FDD air interfaces.
Transparent roaming – The ability to continue a data or voice call over multiple networks
without dropping the call.
The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT Do Como in Japan. Although 3G
is relatively an infant, the technology is growing fast, with more and more wireless technology
companies developing devices with 3G capabilities, such as Nokia, Siemens and Sony Ericsson. With
coverage over all of Europe, the USA, China, Japan, and the rest of the world, with seamless
integration between all of these countries and more.

3.5 Two Distinct 3G Families:
 3GPP and 3GPP2.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of
3G networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows.
 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps.
 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps.
 UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps.
 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14 Mbps.
 LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps.
GPRS deployments began in 2000, followed by EDGE in 2003. While these technologies are
defined by IMT-2000, they are sometimes called "2.5G" because they did not offer multi-
megabit data rates.
3.6 Fourth Generation (4G)
4G an acronym for fourth-generation wireless is a technology that will transform wireless
communications in a completely new way. It is also known as “beyond 3G," since it provides
a comprehensive and secure IP (Internet Protocol) solution. Users will enjoy high quality
streaming video and "anytime, anywhere" voice and data at a much higher speed than
previous generations.
Some possible standards for the 4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD,
UMTS, UMTS and future versions of UMTS and proprietary networks from ArrayComm
Inc., Navini Networks, Flarion Technologies, and 4G efforts in India, China and Japan.
The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
which is the key enabler of 4G technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are adaptive
processing and smart antennas, both of which will be used in 3G networks and enhance rates
when used in with OFDM. Currently 3G networks still send their data digitally over a single
channel, OFDM is designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams, thus increasing
the amount of information that can be sent at a time over traditional CDMA networks.

Note:- Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired
Internet. It is not surprising, then, that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the
wireless Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet.
3.7 Two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of 4G:
1. End-To-End Internet Protocol (IP)
2. Peer-To-Peer Networking
Let’s define “4G” as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking.”
Figure: 3 Evolutions (1G to 4G)

4. BEYOND 3G
 Affordable broadband communication everywhere and on the move
 All-IP network for all applications - voice, messaging and multimedia
Figure: 4 Beyond 3G
The mobile phone has become a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, with far-reaching effects
on the way in which we communicate. Being connected any time, any place, anywhere has in
fact become an integral part of telephony. In addition, with the democratization of mass-
market broadband Internet and the ADSL access boom, everyone can now have access to
digital contents. It has also led to the development of associated uses (photo, music, video,
etc.).
At a time of 3G and questions on what tomorrow’s mobile telephony will bring, one may
wonder whether the joining of these two worlds is not irrevocable. Offering high speed
access no matter where, no matter when, seems to be the logical next step both in terms of
usage and technological opportunities.

5. 4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming
applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video
chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like
voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.
4G is an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next level of
evolution in the field of Wireless communications. The technology called 4G has redefined
the whole concept of today’s sophisticated communication. According to the Wireless World
Research Forum (WWRF),4G is a combination of wired and wireless networks in computer,
consumer electronics and communication technology systems based on the internet
technology that can merge applications like the Wi-Fi and WiMAX capable of transmitting
at a speed ranging from 100 Mbps (in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps (in local Wi-Fi
networks).
This collection of technologies and protocols delivers high quality of service at
both ends and high point security. Officially named by IEEE as Beyond 3G (B3G) it provides
with the lowest cost wireless network.
Figure: 5 Future Technology 4G

5.1 Features of the 4G systems
 Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other
broadband services.
 High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.
 Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks.
 Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Service (QoS)
requirements
 Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.
 Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks.
5.2 Fourth Generation Development
 A Japanese company has been testing a 4G communication system prototype at
100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. Recently reached 5 Gbit/s
moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in
2010.
 An Irish company has announced that they have received a mobile
communications license from Irish Telecoms regulator. This service will be issued
the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G Mobile
communications.
 Sprint plans to launch 4G services in trial markets by the end of 2007 with plans
to deploy a network that reaches as many as 100 million people in 2008.

6. 4G ARCHITECTURE
Figure: 6 4G Architecture in Detail
6.1 4G Wireless Standards
 WiMAX - 7.2 million units by 2010 (May include fixed and mobile)
 Flash-OFDM - 13 million subscribers in 2010 (only Mobile)
 3GPP Long Term Evolution of UMTS in 3GPP - valued at US$2 billion in
2010 (~30% of the world population)
 UMB in 3GPP2
 IEEE 802.20

Figure: 7 Inner Architecture
6.2 WIRELESS NETWORKS
 Different type of wireless networks support mobile computing applications &
platforms
 Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth, Sensors, UWB, Zig-bees)
 Wireless LANs (802.11 family)
 Fixed Wireless Local loops
 Cellular networks (1G to 4G)
 Satellite systems
 Lower level issues (e.g., signaling, error correction, smart antennas)
 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

6.3 Advantages of 4G Networks
 From user driven perspective, the user has freedom and flexibility to select the
service, at a reasonable price and QoS, anytime, anywhere.
 Reconfigurability: Next-generation wireless network interfaces need to be able to
switch seamlessly between different communications standards, in order to provide
the most suitable level of service while the user moves across different environments.
 Convergence: Network convergence is the key to the fourth generation.
 Convergence is what 4G is about … Fixed, Cellular phone systems, WPANs,
WLANs, Broadcasting/Satellite Communication.
 Hierarchy of wireless networks: 4G will consist of a hierarchy of quality/bandwidth
modes.
 Seamless connectivity and global 7-8 across multiple networks.
 4G will consist of a hierarchy of quality bandwidth modes.
 Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks. Better scheduling and
call admission control techniques.
6.4 Disadvantage of 4G
 Battery usage is more
 Hard to implement
 Need complicated hardware

7. 4G NETWORK SYSTEM
 System issues
 Selected 4G network ideas
 Self-organizing ,Ad-hoc network for 4G
Figure: 8 4G System Issues (Protocol Evolution)

7.1 Potential “4G” Network Ideas
A few techniques for achieving the 4G design goals discussed earlier:
1) 3G/WLAN Hot-Spots
Use of WLAN in hot-spots for lower system cost, better end-user performance and
more total capacity.
2) Self-organizing, ad-hoc wireless access networks
Ad-hoc wireless network protocols which support multi-hop and peer-to-peer service
models, particularly for low-tier uses (in-home, sensors, etc.).
3) Content-based multicasting
New network service paradigms for location- and person-aware information delivery
to mobiles.
7.2 Self-organizing Ad-hoc networks for 4G
1. 4G Mobile Network features
Some desirable new features for 4G networks are:
 Unified IP-based protocol architecture with support for multiple radios
 Multicasting, caching and security features, etc.
 Hierarchical support of high-tier (cellular), med tier (WLAN) and low-tier
(personal area, sensor nets)
 Self-organizing, ad-hoc wireless discovery & routing
2. 4G Mobile Networks: Hierarchy & Self-Organization
Hierarchical, self-organizing network concept currently under consideration,
based on:
 3 service tiers (cellular, WLAN, personal area)
 BS’s, AP’s, FN’s (forwarding radio nodes), user devices automatic discovery
and power management protocols hierarchical, ad-hoc multi-hop routing.

7.3 4G Networks Advances
1. Seamless mobility (roaming)
 Roam freely from one standard to another
 Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor networks (e.g.,
wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV; satellite
communications
2. 100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)
3. IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and video
 IP RAN(Remote Area Network)
4. Open unified standards
5. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
 Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP
 Maintain several data streams within a single connection
6. Service Location Protocol (SLP)
 Automatic resource discovery
 Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-based
service and directory agents
7. Diameter
 Successor to “Radius”
 Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
8. Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)
9. HSS
 Unified Subscriber Information
10. Application developers, Service providers, and content creators

7.4 4G INVESTMENT HOTSPOTS 4G
8. 4G DESIGN CHALLENGES
1. Although 3G is an important first step, several basic issues still need to be
addressed for next generation wireless systems:
2. Fast/reliable broadband radios (PHY/MAC) with QoS ~100 Kbps 1-10 Mbps
with adaptively, link reliability & Qos.
3. Scalable system capacity for mass-market services high service penetration
implies ~ Gbps/Sq-Km
4. Integration of multiple radio technologies into single IP network unified mobility
architecture.
5. New networking modes, e.g. multicast, multi-hop & peer-to-peer, lower-cost
infrastructure, networks that grow organically.

8.1 Key Challenges
1. Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
 Base band process using parallel equal bandwidth sub channels
 MC-CDMA; OFDM
 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
 Add cyclic extension or guard band to data
 Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to Average Ratio (PAVR)
2. Signal Processing and optimizations
 Handling extremely large number of users
 Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions
 Orthogonally / correlation of large number of codes
 Spectrum Pollution
 Multi path re-enforcement / interference
 Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference suppression techniques
(ISI and MAI)
3. Smart / Intelligent Antennas
 Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI
 Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays
 Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)
4. Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)
 Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information”
 Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness, dynamic optimization of
scarce resources.

5. Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
 Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents
 Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error corrective feedback,
logic layer protocol, learning algorithms, Symbolic manipulation.
 Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse information sources
6. More Efficient and Sensitive Trans-receiver Designs
 Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity, tunable filters, spurious
rejection, power consumption
 Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques
 Tight closed Loop power control
 Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments
 Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios
 Error Correction Coding
 Perfect Synchronization / phase alignment between Sender and Receiver
7. All IP Network
 Tunneling and Firewalls
 Fast Handoff control, authentication, real time location tracking, distributed policy
management
 Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
 Transcoders, echo cancellations, media conversions Planetary Interoperability
8. Integration across different topologies
 Multi Disciplinary Cooperation
 Adaptive digitization of speech and multimedia signals
 A/D and D/A transformations

9. THE IMPACT OF 3G & 4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY ON
CARRIERS NETWORK DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
The Impact of 3G & 4G Wireless Technology on Carriers Network Development Strategies
concludes that WiMAX will have a significant role to play in the evolution of mobile
networks. A survey of manufacturers and network operators indicates that they are making
plans to incorporate 4G technology as a value-adding adjunct to existing mobile
infrastructure and services.
9.1 Objectives
4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming
applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video
chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like
voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.
The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless
communication standard:
 A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site).
 High network capacity more simultaneous users per cell.
 A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds
relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed
positions as defined by the ITU-R.
 A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world.
 Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks.
 Seamless connectivity and global 7-8 across multiple networks
 High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high
speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc)
 Interoperability with existing wireless standards
 And all IP, packet switched network.
In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilize network resources to meet
the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.

9.2 Principle Technologies:
1. Base band Techniques -
 OFDM: To exploit the frequency selective channel property
 MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency
 Turbo Principle: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side
2. Adaptive radio interface
3. Modulation, spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
4. Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), & the cooperative relaying concept
known as multi-mode protocol.
9.3 Impact of 3G and 4G
 Data Speed – 70 mbps
 Starting to invest serious time
 Wireless technologies

10. 4G MOBILE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS
1. Enable the business initiatives by supporting mobility of
a) Customers
b) Suppliers and Businesses
c) Employees
2. Mobile computing applications
a) Wireless messaging (e.g. SMS)
b) Mobile ecommerce (M-Commerce) and its variants
 Positional commerce (p-commerce)
 Voice commerce (v-commerce)
 Television commerce (T-Commerce)
c) Mobile ebusiness applications (MEBAs), e.g. M-CRM, M-portal, N-SCM
Specialized applications – Many areas of research
 Location sensitive apps (E911)
 Wireless sensor network apps
 Mobile agent apps
3. Two views:
a) Mobile applications are fundamentally new applications.
b) Mobility is another dimension of the existing applications
4. Research in every aspect

10.1 4G Mobile Network Features
1 Some desirable new features for 4G networks are:
 Unified IP-based protocol architecture with support for multiple radios
 Multicasting, caching and security features, etc.
 Hierarchical support of high-tier (cellular), med tier (WLAN) and low-tier
(personal area, sensor nets)
 Self-organizing, ad-hoc wireless discovery & routing
2 4G Mobile Networks: Hierarchy & Self-Organization:
A. Hierarchical, self-organizing network concept currently under
consideration, based on:
 3 service tiers (cellular, WLAN, personal area)
 BS’s, AP’s, FN’s (forwarding radio nodes), user devices
 Automatic discovery and power management protocols
 Hierarchical, ad-hoc multi-hop routing
10.2 Future Outlook
 4G is coming quicker
 Wireless is cheaper

Global IP
Network
(Internet)
Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) across wireless and
LAN
Handse
t
PCMCIA-
Card
Phone
Personal
Intelligent
Communicator
Noteboo
k
Smartphon
e
End
to
End
IP
r
G
Figure: 12 4G Mobile Networks (Network of wireless networks)
Figure: 13 End-To-End (E2E) IP Mobile Network

11. TECHNOLOGY - PARAMETERS OF 3G Vs 4G
3G will be driven by services that offer better quality (e.g., voice, video, multimedia), more
sophistication in the association of a large quantity of information, and improved
personalization. 4G proponents will serve as complements or upgrades to advance the 3G
limitation to deliver video/TV and high speed Internet access. These are some of the
parameters which shows different attributes related to 3G Vs 4G: -
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic
Predominantly voice- data
as add-on
Converged data and VoIP
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based
Hybrid – Integration of Wireless LAN
(WiFi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
Component Design
Optimized antenna; multi-
band adapters
Smart antennas; SW multi-band; wideband
radios
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA 2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction
Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;
turbo
Concatenated Coding
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010

12. 4G AIR INTERFACES
 Higher bit rates than 3G (20 Mbps < peak < 200 Mbps)
 Higher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bit than 3G
 Air interface and MAC optimized for IP traffic
 Adaptive modulation/coding with power control, hybrid ARQ
 Smaller cells, on average than 3G
 However, cell size will be made as large as possible via:
 High power base station to boost downlink range
 Adaptive antenna options
 Higher frequency band than 3G (below 5 GHz preferred)
 RF channel bandwidths of 20 MHz and higher
 OFDM is promising for downlink
12.1 4G Forums
1. Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe
2. Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
 Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA, NIH etc.)
 High Performance networks: VBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA), DREN (DoD),
ESnet (DoE),
3. Internet 2
 US Universities Initiated
 Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (giga-PoPs)

13. SUMMARY
 Mobile Intelligent Internet and multimedia applications
 Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user bandwidth, customized
QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface
 Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas
 Continued advances and challenges from 1G - 4G
 Modulation techniques, Transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces,
IP tunneling and firewalls
 Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security,
multi disciplinary co-operation
 Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, especially, User
Equipment (UE)
 IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G
IP in the sky with diamonds.

14. GLOSSARY
GPRS:
Global Packet Radio Service - This evolution of the GSM standard (which uses the same
frequency range as the latter) adds a packet system to the GSM circuit network, allowing data
sharing. GPRS, or the 2.5G network, gives bit rates of up to 40 Kbps in optimal conditions.
Bluetooth – 802.15:
Bluetooth is the standard for wireless personal area networks or WPAN. It allows high speed
transmission of data over very short distances. Bluetooth is normally used for transferring
data between laptops, or in Internet Kiosk type applications where roaming is not needed.
EDGE:
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution - An intermediary solution between GPRS (2.5G
network) and UMTS (3G), which is why it is sometimes called 2.75G.
UMTS:
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System - So-called “Third-generation” (3G) wireless
communication standard that allows peak bit rates of 2 Mbps in the CDMA Version.
ADSL:
Asymmetric DSL - One of the first DSL technologies with asymmetric bit rates. ADSL is a
technique by which analogous phone services and high-speed services Can be transported
simultaneously on an existing telephone pair at up to 6-8 Mbps Downstream (exchange to
user) as opposed to 640 kbps in the upstream direction (user to exchange).
3GPP:
3rd Generation Partnership Project - Collaboration agreement dating back to December 1998,
and which unites a number of telecommunication-standardizations bodies.
IEEE:
Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers - American equivalent of ETSI, the European
Telecommunications and Standardization Institute.

15. CONCLUSION

Figure – 14 4G Model
 4G is showing tremendous promise and has the capacity to revolutionize our world.
Migration to 4G networks will be evolutionary
 Before the realization of the 4G wireless society, very difficult but interesting
technical challenges are waiting for us.
 4G convergence of networks, technologies, applications and services,
will offer a personalized and pervasive network to the users.
 Convergence is heading towards an advent of a really exciting and
disruptive concept of 4th generation mobile networks.
 Scope of wireless networks is expanding.
 Intelligent applications and user interfaces need to develop.

16. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ‘Wikipedia’ – title: 4G
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G
 www.networkworld.com
 www.researchandmarkets.com/.../the_impact_of_3g_and_4g
 Next-Generation Wireless, Ben May 2, 2003 4gwireless.pdf
 http://www.slideworld.com/
 Visit 4Gmobile.com
 www.remon-4g.org.il
 http://pdfdatabase.com/index.php?q=4g+wireless+system
 URL: http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/gaojerry
 4G Wireless Systems http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~jxie/4G
 4G Wireless Standard http://www.nd.edu/~mhaenggi/NET/wireless/4G/
 Motorola, etc. http://www.wireless-world-research.org/
 www.mobilecomms-technology.com
 www.ebookpdf.net
 www.dxportal.com
 www.pdf-search-engine.com/4g-pdf.html

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