2. What are GM‟s?
 Organism one that has been altered
through recombinant DNA technology
 Involves either the combining of DNA
from different genomes or the insertion
of foreign DNA into a genome
 The most common genetically modified
(GM) organisms are crop plants
 Microbes are the first organisms to be
genetically modified

3. Other terms that mean the same
thing:
 Genetically engineered
 Transgenic
 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

4. What is not a GMO?
 Does not include
◦ Mutants.
◦ Fusion of animal cells unless the product
can form an animal.
◦ Plants formed x protoplast fusion.
◦ Plants formed by embryo rescue or invitro
fertilisation or zygote implantation.
◦ Organisms formed by natural DNA transfer.

5. How does this differ from Mendel
and his peas?
GM vs. Selective breading
Selective breading
 Slow
 Imprecise
 Modification of genes that naturally occur in the organism
 Occur between plant/animal of same species(dog  dog)
GM
 Very fast
 Precise
 Can introduce genes into an organism that would not
occur naturally
 It can occur between different types of species
(Human  bacteria)

6. How transgenic organisms work…
Three Main Methods…
 DNA Microinjection
◦ A foreign gene is directly injected into a fertilized egg that is put
into a female animal that acts as a surrogate mother for the egg.
 Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
◦ A retrovirus is a virus that attaches to an organism‟s DNA and
changes it to include a new characteristic. Scientists expose
ordinary cells to a retrovirus when they are trying to create
transgenic animals.
 Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
◦ Stem cells are blank cells that can turn into any type of cell.
Scientists modify these cells, and then add them to an
embryo, which is a fertilized egg that develops and grows until it
hatches or is born.

7. DNA MICROINJECTION
Most commonly used
method
Only 5% or less of the
treated eggs become
transgenic progeny
Need to check mouse
pups for DNA , RNA and
protein ( by some
specific assay method)
Expression will vary in
transgenic offspring: due
to position effect and copy
number
Figure 1.1

8. Figure 1.2
Less than 5% of the microinjected fertilized eggs become
transgenic progeny

9. Figure 21.1
Retroviral vectors can
be used to create
transgenic animals
RETROVIRUS-MEDIATED
GENE TRANSFER

10. Figure 1.4
Genetically engineered
embryonic stem (ES)
cells can be used to
create transgenic
animals
This method allow for
gene targeting via
homologous
recombination.
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL-
MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

11. GENETICALLY ENGINEER OF THE ES CELLS
Figure 1.5a

12. GENETICALLY ENGINEER OF THE ES
CELLS
Figure 1.6b

13. THE TWO MOST COMMON TYPES OF
GMO‟S
I. FOODS
Crops are modified to develop resistance to
herbicides and increase their nutrient
content, for example corn and soybeans .
Fruits are modified to make them ripen later.
This help them available fresh in marketplace
during a longer time or for fruits that ripen
after being picked, make it easier to transport
them.

14. THE TWO MOST COMMON TYPES OF
GMO‟S
II. MEDICINES
These can be produced cheaper and easier
some are: insulin, thyroid hormones and the
Hepatitis B vaccine
GM Bacteria‟s have been particularly important
in
producing large amounts of pure human
proteins
for use in medicine like clotting factors for
hemophilia and human growth hormones to
treat
dwarfism

15. OTHER TYPES OF GMO‟S ARE
III. MAMMALS
Research human diseases
(To develop animal models for many diseases.)
Produce industrial or consumer products
(pharmaceutical products or tissue
implantation)
Enrich the animals‟ interactions with
humans
(Hypo-allergic pets)
Enhance production or food quality traits
(faster growth fish, pigs that digest food more
efficiently)
Improve animal health(disease resistance)

16. OTHER TYPES OF GMO‟S ARE
IV. INSECTS
The effects of genetic changes on development
(malaria resistant mosquitoes)
V. AQUATIC LIFE
Evolution of immunity and developmental
processes,
rapid growth
( MADAKA -fish to detect pollutions in waterways)

17. TRANSGENIC MONKEY
 Its so similar to human hence it used in clinical
trail used for studying :
º HIV
º Huntington‟s disease
DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive
 Difficult
 Breeding problem

18. TOPICAL MICROBICIDES FOR
BLOCKING HIV-1 TRANSMISSION
 Lactobacilli or E. Coli altered to secrete or express
proteins with anti–hiv-1 activity
 Colonization of the vagina or rectum with
recombinant bacteria
 Secret fusion inhibitory peptides or proteins
 Lactobacilli that maintains a low vaginal ph
 Lowers the risk of hiv-1 infection

19. GENETICALLY MODIFIED PIGS
 MEDICINE
º Production of pharmaceuticals (human hemoglobin
in blood of pigs for treating Trauma patients)
º Organs for Xenotransplantation into humans
º development of models for human diseases
 AGRICULTURE
º resistance to disease
º Altering the carcass composition
º Improving pig‟s resistance to heat stress
º Protecting environment

20. PIGS GIVEN SPINACH GENES
 World's first to genetically engineered mammals to
contain DNA from plants
 Produce pork that is healthier normal pigs
 Produces less fat than normal ,less fat intake
 “It is confirmed for the first time in the world that a
plant
gene is functioning properly in a living mammal, not
in a
cultured cell,” said professor by akira

21. PIGS GIVEN SPINACH GENES-
EXPERIMENT
 Inserting the spinach gene into a fertilised
pig egg
 Implanted in a female pig's womb
 FAD2 gene converted about a fifth saturated
fatty acids into linoleic acids

22. ADVANTAGES OF PIG„S
 Physiology and size
 Raised in pathogen free condition
 Less chance to transmit infectious disease to
humans
 Have fewer ethical issues as donor
 Short generation interval(114 days)
 Genome is quite similar to humans (3x times than
mouse)

23. GOAT THAT PRODUCE SPIDER SILK
 Two key genes that allow a spider to weave their silk
inserted into their genetic code.
 That produce milk that contain spider silk proteins
 Proteins are then harvested through the goat's milk
 Goats are separated into two groups, each contains
one of the two proteins
 Proteins must be extracted and combined

24. GOAT THAT PRODUCE SPIDER SILK
 Stronger than steel and more
flexible
 Used to replace damaged
tendons and ligaments ,
suture damaged eyes, or
even nerves
 Make stronger and safer
parachutes for soldiers ,
bulletproof vests

25. SILK FROM MILK
 Goats are milked
 Milk is frozen and the cream is separated
 Thawed milk is pushed into a micro filter that blocks
the larger fat molecules and lets the smaller
proteins through
 A smaller filter then further isolates the silk proteins
 When dried looks like a white powder

26. The challenge : how they take a powder and
spin it into a fibre, like a spider does?
 The two proteins are combined
into a solution
 Transformed into microfibers
using wet-spinning fibre
production methodologies
 "Biosteel biopolymer" had been
transformed into nanofibres and
nanomeshes using electro
spinning technique

27. WAYS GMO TOXICITY AFFECTS ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND SOIL
 Cancer
 Damage native species
 Pollute the environment
 Deplete soil minerals, destroy beneficial bacteria
 'Super weeds,' 'superbugs.'
 Cause infertility, stillbirths, miscarriages

28. LAB ANIMALS TESTED WITH GM
FOODS
 Stunted growth
 Impaired immune systems
 Bleeding stomachs
 Impaired blood cell
development
 Misshapen cell structures in
the liver, pancreas, and
testicles
 Altered gene expression and
cell metabolism
 Their offspring have a lower
chance of survival
 Higher blood sugar
 Enlarged livers,
pancreases
 Inflamed kidneys
 Less developed brains
and testicles
 Intestines reduced
digestive enzymes
 The animal‟s life spans
are shortened
 Inflamed lung tissue

29. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GMO‟S
 Already 37 people have died from side effects
 1,500 partially paralyzed
 5,000 were temporarily handicapped by chemicals
used in harvesting
 Glyophosate "caused malformations in frog and
chicken embryos "
 Malformations of the head
 Increased death rates and higher offspring mortality

30. CURRENT RESEARCH
 Mosquito-borne diseases remain one of the greatest
global threats to human health
 With recombinant and novel combinations of DNA
passing into the environment
 Effects of gm plants on soil processes such as
decomposition
 Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin 10 provides
a therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel
disease

31. CONCLUSION
 Transgenic animals are now-a-days used for
screening of many drugs
 Using of transgenic animals reduce number of
experimental animals during testing
 We will need them in the future