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“Affordable” Is Too Low a Bar: 
The Future of the Textbook 
David Wiley, PhD 
Lumen Learning / CC / BYU 
@opencontent :: #algeorgia
This presentation is licensed CC BY 
unless otherwise noted
education
education =
education = sharing
sharing
what you know
sharing
feedback
sharing
encouragement
sharing
passion
sharing
yourself
education
faculty meetings
tenure and promotion
fighting for parking
educative acts
ALL
sharing
if
sharing
education
.
rivalrous
nonrivalrous
“He who receives 
ideas from me, 
receives instruction 
himself without 
lessening mine; as 
he who lights his 
taper at mine 
receives light 
without darkening 
me.” 
Thomas Jefferson
sharing
sharing
asynchronously?
externalize
externalized ideas
converted to rivalrous
Expressions Are Different 
To give a book you must give it away
externalized = nonrivalrous?
“internet”
externalized ideas
externalized ideas + online =
nonrivalrous
unprecedented capacity
sharing
education = sharing
unprecedented capacity
educate
except we can’t
©
Uses Regulated 
by Copyright 
Handwriting Printing Press Internet 
Make a copy 
of a work 
$1000s per 
copy 
$1s per copy $0.0001s per 
copy 
Make changes 
to a work 
$1000s per 
copy 
$1s per copy $0.0001s per 
copy 
Redistribute 
a work 
$1000s per 
copy 
$1s per copy $0.0001s per 
copy 
Public 
performance of 
a work 
10s of people 100Ks of 
people 
100Ms of 
people
Tech 
Enables 
Law 
Forbids
in the air?
open
Open Educational Resources
Open Educational Resources? 
Any kind of teaching materials – 
textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans, 
videos, readings, exams
Open Educational Resources? 
(1) Free and unfettered access, and 
(2) Free copyright permissions to 
engage in the 5R activities
open ≠ free
open = free + permissions
The 5Rs 
Retain • Make and own copies 
Reuse • Use in a wide range of ways 
Revise • Adapt, modify, and improve 
Remix • Combine two or more 
Redistribute • Share with others
Tech 
Enables 
OER 
Permits
traditionally © materials
openly licensed materials
not about cost
enabling innovation
improving student learning
not just copy and distribute
revise and remix
adapting
improving
local control
revisit
rivalrous / nonrivalrous
“anti-rivalrous”
open your resources
still have your resources
improved resources
when you… then you… 
Rivalrous give away… have less. 
Nonrivalrous give away… have the same. 
“Anti-Rivalrous” give away… have more.
over 880M OER
miniscule adoption
we help get open adopted
we help get open adopted 
effectively
adoption support 
faculty training 
instructional design 
ongoing support 
hosting 
LMS integration 
continuous improvement 
research support
everything we make is open
(CC BY)
Red Hat for OER
no “catch”
small – UGA Biology
large – TCC Z Degree
open keeps us honest
Project Kaleidoscope
Participants 
• 4,909 treatment 
• 11,818 control 
• 50 undergraduate courses 
• 130 teachers 
• 8 institutions
Method 
Quasi-experimental design with: 
• Propensity Score Matching 
• Dependent variables: Completion; C 
or Better; Credits Enrolled This Term; 
Next Term 
• Independent variable: Textbook 
condition 
• Covariates: age, gender, and race
Propensity Score Matching 
Increased group balance by 98%
Results 
Increased: 
• Completion (X2 
res = +2.9, -2.9) 
• C or Better (X2 
res = -2.5, +2.7) 
• Credits this term t(8101) = 27.81, p < .01 
• Credits next term F(1, 6440) = 154.08, 
p <.01 
Submitted to Computers in Education
Utah Open Textbooks
Participants 
• Nebo School District 
• 4183 students 
• 43 teachers 
• Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry
Method 
Quasi-experimental design with: 
• Treatment and Control Group 
• Propensity Score Matching 
• Dependent variable: Score on 2012 
statewide standardized science exam 
• Independent variable: Textbook condition 
• 15 Covariates: including age, gender, 
special education, English language 
proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and 
race
Outcome: State Standardized Test 
• IRT scaled scores increased 
with open textbooks, p < .001 
• Multiple r squared = .635 
• Published in Ed Researcher
Developmental Math 
Published in Educause Review
% Completing with C or Better 
48.4% 
60.2% 
70% 
60% 
50% 
40% 
30% 
20% 
10% 
0% 
Spring 
2011 
No OER 
Spring 
2013 
All OER
From textbook and MyMathLab ($170) 
To OER and MyOpenMath ($5)
Learning Outcomes per Dollar 
“Mad” “Glad” 
“Sad” “Rad” 
Cost 
Completing with C or Better
Learning Outcomes per Dollar 
“Mad” “Glad” 
“Sad” “Rad” 
Cost 
0 100% 
Completing with C or Better 
$200
Learning Outcomes per Dollar 
Pearson 
“Mad” “Glad” 
“Sad” “Rad” 
Cost 
0 100% 
Completing with C or Better 
$200
Learning Outcomes per Dollar 
Pearson 
“Mad” “Glad” 
“Sad” “Rad” 
Cost 
OER 
0 100% 
Completing with C or Better 
$200
public funding
gross negligence in procurement
$3500%, worse quality?
Associates of Business 
“Z Degree” 
Graduate without ever buying a textbook 
World’s first “all-OER” degree 
~30% cheaper for students
When a student drops, it.. 
Slows down their graduation 
Costs the institution tuition dollars 
(refunds)
INTRO Model 
(182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state + (182 * .11 * 
$358.95 * 3) out-of-state = $304,269 annual INTRO 
Submitted to EPAA
open pedagogy
what’s possible?
disposable assignments
PM4ID
An Open Education Reader
Learning Objects Book
“If I have seen 
further it is by 
standing on the 
shoulders of giants.” 
Isaac Newton
Traditional 
Copyright 
= 
Spiked 
Shoulder Pads
Open Licenses 
= 
Bringing 
Students 
a Ladder
in conclusion
affordable > expensive
free > affordable
open > free
open = free + 5R permissions
open 
permissionless innovation
open 
increased learning outcomes / $
open 
anti-rivalrous serendipity
don’t settle for affordable
when you could have open

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