1. sunlight
pollution control
glow plates
biohydrogen
biomass water
carbon dioxide
biofuel
minerals
algae definition growing algae photobioreactor system
algae as next energy energy source site conditions
algae nutrients
OILGAE

2. algae
1794, from alga (sing.), 1551, from L. alga
ETYM[O][L][O]GY
quot;seaweed,quot; of uncertain origin, perhaps from
a PIE base meaning quot;to putrefy, rot.quot;
brown algae green algae red algae

3. –plural noun, singular -ga
ALGAE any of numerous groups of chlorophyll-containing, mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms ranging
from microscopic single-celled forms to multicellular forms 100 ft. (30 m) or more long,
distinguished from plants by the absence of true roots, stems, and leaves and by a lack of
nonreproductive cells in the reproductive structures: classified into the six phyla Euglenophyta,
Crysophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta.
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
–noun Biology
a widely distributed group of predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms of the subking-
DEF[I]N[I]T[I][O]N
dom Cyanophyta, resembling phototrophic bacteria, occurring singly or in colonies in diverse
habitats: some species can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=algae

4. OLIVE OIL WHALE OIL OIL NEXT
?

5. OLIVE OIL WHALE OIL OIL NEXT
from Gk. elaion quot;olive treequot;,[13] Whale oil is the oil obtained from the 3000 B.C.
which may have been borrowed blubber of various species of whales. Mesopotamians of that era used
through trade networks from the Whale oil is chemically a liquid wax rock oil in architectural adhesives,
Semitic Phoenician use of el'yon and not a true oil. It flows readily, is ship caulks, medicines, and roads.
clear, and varies in colour from a
meaning quot;superiorquot; , bright honey yellow to a dark brown, 2000 B.C.
The Chinese refined crude oil for
probably in recognized comparison according to the condition of the
to other vegetable or animal fats blubber from which it has been use in lamps and in heating homes.
available at the time. extracted.
600-700 A.D.
ORIGIN 8th millennium BC 1500 – 1800 Arab and Persian chemists
wild olives were collected by amp fuel discovered that petroleum’s lighter
?
Neolithic peoples as early soap elements could be mixed with
the first cultivation of the olive tree Lubricator for fine instruments and quicklime to make Greek fire, the
took place on the island of Crete. machinery napalm of its day.
manufacture of varnish, leather,
3500 BC linoleum, and rough cloth (especially 1859
the earliest surviving olive oil jute). Oil was first discovered when a
amphorae date to homemade rig drilled down 70 feet
1900 and came up coated with oil. This
4000 BC margarine rig was near Titusville (in
the production of olive is assumed soap northwestern Pennsylvania) and
to have started before manufacture of nitroglycerin for was owned by quot;Colonelquot; Edwin L.
explosives in both world wars Drake
4500 BC whale liver oil - was a major source
in present-day Israel of vitamin D through the
an alternative view retains that
olives were turned into oil 1960s
cosmetics
fuels trucks, ships, cars
detergent
jet fuel
USE food
heating fuel
cosmetics
used in every coal-fired power plant
pharmaceuticals
cooking fuel - portable stove
soaps
petrochemicals
fuel for traditional oil lamps
paint
lipophilic drug ingredients
solvents
laxative - stool softener
motor oil
ear wax softener.
asphalt

6. Biofuels production
Hydrogen production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
ALGAE as next ENERGY source
Hydrocracking to
traditional
transport fuels
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture

7. ALGAE as next ENERGY source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture
Hydrocracking to
transport fuels
Hydrogen production
Biofuels production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
In the presence of light, the single-celled
traditional
algae take up CO2 to produce the
energy that fuels plant life -- with a
general rule of thumb being that two tons
of algae remove one ton of CO2. Once the
algae are harvested, they can be converted
to generate commercially viable byproducts
such as ethanol or biodiesel.

8. ALGAE as next ENERGY source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture
Hydrocracking to
transport fuels
Hydrogen production
Biofuels production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
The depleting the amount
traditional
of sulfur available to the
algae interrupted its internal
oxygen flow, allowing the
hydrogenase an environ-
ment in which it can react,
causing the algae to
produce hydrogen.

9. Biofuels production
Hydrogen production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
ALGAE as next ENERGY source
Hydrocracking to
traditional
transport fuels
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
as wood, to produce heat and
electricity.
burned in the same manner
can then be harvested and
produce biomass, which
Algae can be grown to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture

10. Biofuels production
Hydrogen production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
ALGAE as next ENERGY source
Hydrocracking to
traditional
transport fuels
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
can be
methane.
broken down into
cultures, various
ture grown organisms and
Through the use of algacul-
polymeric materials
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture

11. ALGAE as next ENERGY source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture
Hydrocracking to
transport fuels
Hydrogen production
Biofuels production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
Many vegetable oils have similar
traditional
fuel properties to diesel fuel,
except for higher viscosity and
lower oxidative stability. If these
differences can be overcome,
vegetable oil may substitute for #2
Diesel fuel, most significantly as
engine fuel or home heating oil.

12. ALGAE as next ENERGY source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture
Hydrocracking to
transport fuels
Hydrogen production
Biofuels production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
The oil of algae strain
traditional
Botryococcus braunii is different
from other algal oils, in that it
contains a class of oils which can
be reduced to chemicals
traditionally extracted from
petroleum and used for
transport fuels, such as octane
(gasoline, a.k.a. petrol), diesel,
and aviation-grade kerosene.

13. ALGAE as next ENERGY source
Algae are cultivated to serve many
commercial and industrial uses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture
Hydrocracking to
transport fuels
Hydrogen production
Biofuels production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
traditional
Bioplastics
Dyes and Colorants
Feedstock
Nutritional
Pharmaceutical
Pollution Control
CO2 sequestration
Fertilizer Runoff reclamation
Sewage treatment

14. ALGAE as next ENERGY source
seaweed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture
Hydrocracking to
transport fuels
Hydrogen production
Biofuels production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
There are many algae that are
traditional
cultivated for their nutritional
value, either for supplemental use,
or as a food source.
The plants also produce Omega-3
and Omega-6 fatty acids, which are
commonly found in fish oils, and
which have been shown to have
positive medical benefits to
humans.

15. ALGAE as next ENERGY source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture
An alternative to carbon capture
Hydrocracking to
transport fuels
Hydrogen production
Biofuels production
Biomass
Methane
Straight Vegetable Oil
Commercial and
industrial uses
Nutritional
Pollution Control
traditional
and storage, by attaching an algae
pond, or photobioreactor to any
fuel burning plant, the carbon dioxide
produced during combustion can be
fed into the algae system. Nutrients
can be sourced from sewage, thus
turning two pollutants into resources
for the production of biodiesel, with a
land requirement much smaller than
other crop sources.

16. A[L]GAE NUTR[I]ENTS
carbon dioxide water minerals light

17. photosynthetic derive energy for cell synthesis from light
autotrophic derive cell carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide
A[L]GAE NUTR[I]ENTS
A stream of gas is drawn from the
carbon dioxide smokestack by a blower and passed
through the bioreactor where the
algae, bathed in sunlight, consume the
CO2 component for photosynthesis.
They can also break down nitrogen
oxide pollutants.

18. fresh
salty
artesian
recycled
A[L]GAE NUTR[I]ENTS
poor quality
water

19. nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
A[L]GAE NUTR[I]ENTS
fish waste
uneaten food
metabolism of beneficial bacteria minerals
decay of other organics :: plant debris :: dead algae
phosphorus :: tap water
nitrogen :: in water change
phosphates :: using phosphate-removal media in an
external filter or by using reverse osmosis water for
the aquarium

20. The light source for a Another means of supplying
glow plate can be light is GLOW PLATES -
artificial, such as fluores- sheets of glass or plastic
cent light, or natural, with that quot;glowquot; when light is
sunlight being directly supplied to one of their
exposed to the plate or edges.
fed through a fiber-optic
system.
natural sunlight
fluorescent light
A[L]GAE NUTR[I]ENTS
light
need 1/10th of the direct
sunlight
Direct sunlight is too strong
for algae

21. GR[O]W[I]NG A[L]GAE
bioreactor
close system
photosynthetic
open system
glass tube
raceway-type pond

22. Raceway-type Pond
GR[O]W[I]NG A[L]GAE
Algae can be cultured in raceway-type ponds and lakes. Because these systems are open
to the elements, sometimes called quot;open-pondquot; systems, they are much more vulner-
able to contamination by other microorganisms, such as invasive algal species or bacteria.
In open systems one does not have control over water temperature and lighting
conditions. raceway-type pond
A raceway pond is a shallow artificial pond used in the cultivation of algae.
The pond is divided into a rectangular grid, with each rectangle containing one channel in
the shape of an oval, like an automotive raceway ciruit. From above, many ponds look like
a maze. Each rectangle contains a paddle wheel to make the water flow continuously
around the circuit.

23. Photobioreactor
GR[O]W[I]NG A[L]GAE
A photobioreactor is a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source.
Virtually any translucent container could be called a photobioreactor,
however the term is more commonly used to define a closed system, as
opposed to an open tank or pond. Because these systems are closed, all photobioreactor
essential nutrients must be introduced into the system to allow algae to grow and
be cultivated. Essential nutrients include carbon dioxide, water, miner-
als and light. A pond covered with a greenhouse could be considered a
photobioreactor. A photobioreactor can be operated in quot;batch modequot; but it is also
possible to introduce a continuous stream of sterilized water containing nutrients,
air, and carbon dioxide.

24. photobioreactor
Polyethylene Sleeves Or Bags Photobioreactor
GR[O]W[I]NG A[L]GAE
A closed system composed polyethylene sleeves for
outdoor cultivation of microalgae. The productivity of
several microalgal species grown in this system was
3-10 times higher than that in open ponds.
polyethylene sleeves or bags

25. photobioreactor Tubes Photobioreactor
Glass Or Plastic
GR[O]W[I]NG A[L]GAE
It offers maximum efficiency in using light and therefore greatly improves productivity.
Typically the culture density of algae produced is 10 to 20 times greater than bag culture - and can be even
greater.
Can be mounted indoors or outdoors.
Systems can be operated for long periods without culture crashes occurring. glass or plastic tubes
Easy patented self cleaning system can dramatically reduce fouling.
Closed, controlled, continuous automated systems and therefore cultures may be more easily kept hygieni-
cally.
Environmental parameters are simply controlled.
Can be build at any size.
Oxygen poisoning can't occur. System release automatically all Oxygen.
Reactor stimulate rapid algae grow.
Fully automated and controlled and monitored via a high tech computer system.

26. PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
photosynthetic
autotrophic

27. PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
photosynthetic
http://seedmagazine.com/news/2007/05/cribsheet_10_photosynthesis.php

28. PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
photosynthetic
SUGAR
CARBON DIOXIDE
WATER
OXYGEN
LIGHT
http://seedmagazine.com/news/2007/05/cribsheet_10_photosynthesis.php

29. PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
autotrophic
Source :: www.jmkcontact.com/services/presentations/Rodzianko.ppt

30. autotrophic
PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM Cleaned Gases
Source :: www.jmkcontact.com/services/presentations/Rodzianko.ppt
sunlight
biodiesel
biogas
Flue Gases algae
dry biomass
bio-oils
Energy Source Green Fuel System

31. autotrophic scrubbed flue gas
PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
Source :: www.jmkcontact.com/services/presentations/Rodzianko.ppt
sunlight
Algae digests
CO2 and NOx
flue gas in flue gas in
algal biofuel out

32. PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
assembling photobioreactor
Source :: www.jmkcontact.com/services/presentations/Rodzianko.ppt

33. gas in
gas filters
assembling photobioreactor
PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
Source :: www.jmkcontact.com/services/presentations/Rodzianko.ppt
foam
trap
gas out
drain
sample
loop
liquids in and out
sterile connector
bioreactor floating in water

34. transparent tubes automated tube cleaning system automatic cleaning system connected tubes filled connected tubes easy assembling of tubes
http://www.algaefuels.org

35. PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
hydrogen production
http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/search?q=algae

36. hydrogen production
PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
algae algae
1/12 acre
(3,630 sq. feet)
pond
H2
1/12 acre
(3,630 sq. feet)
pond
H2
= 2 ponds = H2 Fuel for
max 24 cars/households
http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/search?q=algae

37. hydrogen production
PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM The hydrogen is finally captured
and stored within a high
performance fabric balloon.
Flexible collection tubes carry hydogen
from the lower tank upwards for
H2 Storage storage.
A unique dual chambered hot=pot houses
the algae. The upper pot, visible above
http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/search?q=algae
ground, is used for algae growth.
Within the lower pot, the algae is
deprived of nutrients, which causes the
release of hydrogen. The light weight
hydrogen rises to the top of the pot and
on towards the collection tubes.
H2 Production Astana’s abundant supply of water
provides the environment needed for
algae to thrive.

38. hydrogen production day 3 day 7 day 10
PH[O]T[O]B[I][O]REACT[O]R SYSTEM
H2 Respiration
The balloon inflates and
deflates throughout the
algae’s production cycle, H2 Captured H2 Captured
crating a living hydroscape light
with a breathing canopy.
O2 out
algae algae
http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/search?q=algae
H2 Seasons
During summer months
Astana’s long days provide
enough solar energy to
feed the algae. During
winter months, artificial
lighting with melanin filters
are used to nourish plants
and people. The lights are
housed within the sides of
the pot and are detailed to
prevent light pollution.

39. SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
groundwater levels
temperature daily sunshine
pollution
algae
swamp
precipitation

40. algae as next energy source
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
KAZAKHSTAN OIL KAZAKHSTAN ALGAE

41. alternative energy interest
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
http://www.portofentry.com/site/root/resources/industry_news/4705.html
Green Star Algae Biodiesel Interest Expands Globally
30 May 2007
“Over the past few weeks, companies from over 20 countries on five continents
have expressed their interest in GSPI's biodiesel and microalgae technology.
These countries include: South Africa, India, China, Brazil, Australia, Canada,
Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, Peru, Costa Rica, Sweden, Czech Republic,
Zimbabwe, Spain, Italy, Nicaragua, Mexico, Russia, Kazakhstan, etc.
This surge in quot;microalgae-oil-to-biodieselquot; interest is accred-
ited to two media events. algae to biodisel

42. caspian sea growth of algae
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
This phenomenon of excessive growth of algae was rare in the
Caspian Sea, but situation have changed in recent years (2003, 04); about 40
blooms of Cyanophyta were reported.
The algae have the shape of individual or group lines, which are straight or
area of the bloom was
curved and have milky or brown color. The estimated
300 square kilometers, but only satellite images can give an
accurate size.
Algae blooms have existed in oceans and seas during all periods, but the
frequency of the phenomenon during last years have increased.
caspian sea

43. waterlogging
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
Growth of silt sediments gave rise to subsoil waters in the left-bank part of
Astana, waterlogging of around 7,500 ha, rush bushes and swamp
vegetation, mosquitoes colonies.
There are marshy areas just to the northwest and to the south of Astana and
a reservoir to the southwest.
waterlogging

44. precipitation levels [mm] 147
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
71 76
71
64 53
56 53
extreme monthly 38
41
precipitation 30
23
january
february
march
april
may
june
july
august
september
october
november
december
48
28 33 33 25
23 30
15 23 25
15 13
mean monthly
precipitation

45. groundwater levels, meters [feet]
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
25m [82’]
20m [65’]
18m [59’]
15m [49’]
12m [39’]
10m [32’]
5m [16’]
4m [13’]
3m [9’]

46. SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
january
3.3
february
5.2
mean daily sunshine [hours]
march
6.2
april
7.9
may
9.7
june
11.2
july
10.8
august
9.5
september
7.7
october
4.4
november
december
3.3 3.0

47. temperature levels [Celsius]
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
40 42
39
36
33
29
26 26 27
24 23
18 17
15 17
13
12
8 7
mean high temperature 6 7 8
4 4
-1 -2 0
-1
extreme high temperature -4 -4
-6
-10 -11 -11 -10
-13 -12 -14
-17 -19
-20
mean low temperature
-28 -26
extreme low temperature -40 -42
-45
-51 -50
february
march
december
january
april
may
june
july
august
september
october
november

48. level of air pollution [iap]
SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
sources of pollution of air in atmosphere of
At present time the main
Astana are automobile transport and energy enterprises.
Both of indicated groups of pollution sources have a trend to the
increase.
The growth of energy consumption implies the growth of discharge
from heat electrical stations. Besides due to the lack of heat sources the
number of mini-boilers grows in the city, there are about 250 of them. The small
boilers use coal, mazut, stove oil fuel, and liquefied gas as fuel.

49. SITE CONDITIONS :: ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN
5.2
1991
2.5
1992
level of air pollution [iap]
2.7
1993
2.4
1994
2.3
1995
3.3
1996
0.4
1997
1.7
1999