Islamic study of the life of Muhammad Part II, beginning with the Hijri in 622 to the death of Muhammad in 632. It outlines his flight to Medina, struggle with the 5 tribes there, culminating in driving out two Jewish tribes and beheading the men of the third tribe. The battle of Badr, the battle of the trench, Khaybar, and the final conquest of Mecca are included, as is the institution of the Hajj. The session ends with a brief description of the four righteous caliphs who followed Muhammad.

1. Islam – Life of
Muhammad
Hijira - Death
Dr. Robert Patton
Missionary to Suriname
South America

2. The Life of Muhammad
The Sira, a Political
Biography II
Dr. Robert Patton
Missionary to Suriname,
South America

3. Leaving for Medina
 Muhammad and Abu Bakr left for
Medina;
 Ali stayed behind to finish up
business.
 They hid for three days and then
made a 10 day trip
 This is the beginning of the Muslim
calendar

4. Leaving for Medina
 Two groups in Medina – natives and
Quraysh.
 The former were termed Helpers.
 They set up a pact with treatment of
Muslims different from that of Kafirs
(unbelievers).
 Jews would be fine if they supported
the Muslims
 Tied religion & politics together

5. Prayer in Medina
 When an Arab leader died,
Muhammad took his position.
They set rules in order.
 Jews called together with a horn;
 Christians used a bell
 Muslims decided to have a chant
from a high place

6. Muhammad marries Aisha
 Muhammad age 53 married
Aisha age 7, consummated age
9…
 She was the only virgin he
married.
 She brought her dolls with her to
the harem
 He adds approximately one/year.

7. Muhammad’s wives marries
Zainab
 Muhammad sees Zainab unveiled
when visiting in absence of her
husband, and remarks about her
beauty
 Zaid hears from her, and offers to
divorce her so that Muhammad
can marry her.
 He does, and states that Allah

8. Increasing tension in
Medina
 There were many “hypocrites,” those
who pretended to be Jews or
Muslims but were secretly in
opposition, though they feared for
their lives
 Rabbis asked difficult questions and
Muhammad became angry. They
realized he was not in the line of
David – not messiah

9. Tensions increase in Medina
 5 different tribes there – 3
Jewish, 2 Arab.
 They had fought with each other.
 Now the Arabs and Jews were at
odds

10. Increasing tension in
Medina
 Muhammad now claims that the
Jews concealed and
misrepresented the scriptures to
deny that he was a prophet
(Surah 3:187)

11. Tensions increase in
Medina
 Muhammad claimed that the Jews
had changed scriptures to hide the
fact that he was prophesied to be
coming.
 He felt that the Jews who denied that
he was a prophet had changed things
but were too proud to admit it
(Remember that Muhammad is
illiterate and cannot read scriptures.

12. He vilifies the Jews
 The Qur’an now states that Jews will
be turned into apes, and Christians into
swine (5:59).
 They accused the Jews of doing the
same thing with Moses and resisting
him.
 The Qur’an states that the Jews were
accused by Moses of changing the
Torah.

13. Muhammad claims to be the
true Jew
 When the Jews and Christians
state that Muhammad must
convert or go to hell, he stated
that they were deliberate
deceivers and Allah will make
them burn in hell.
 He was the true Jew and follower
of Abraham, who was neither Jew
nor Christian but a true Muslim

14. Muhammad changed the
kiblah
 The “kiblah” is the direction of
prayer.
 At first, Muhammad prayed toward
Jerusalem
 But now he prayed toward the
Ka’aba

15. Christians in Medina
 Supposedly when Christians came,
they knew that Muhammad was
prophesied
 but the bishop refused Islam because
he would lose money and prestige.

16. Christians in Medina
 They claimed that because Jesus did
not change kings or night to day, he
was just a prophet and not God.
 Allah gave him the power to speak
from the cradle and make clay birds
fly to show that he was a prophet,
but not God

17. Muhammad and
Christians
 Allah denies the trinity, and any Kafir
who claims the trinity will be burned in
hell
 Jesus is only a messenger, not God
 Allah is a better plotter than those who
wanted to kill Jesus; he made a double
who was crucified and took Jesus to
heaven: 4:156

18. Jihad
 13 years after first preaching
 Medina – 3 groups
 Muslims
 Jews
 Arabs with traditional religion
 A few Christians were also apart

19. Beginning Jihad with raid
on Najar
 Killing became acceptable
 Muslims were to stick together, never
look to an unbeliever for support, and
never to fight against a believer for an
unbeliever
 Women and children of unbelievers
were fair game

20. First raids
 There were seven raids made over the
first 2 years or so, without contact –
mostly seeking the Quraysh
 Allah abrogated the claim of peace
 Allah gives rewards to fight greater than
sitting home: Surah 4:95-96; 3:195
 At first, four sacred months were
honored

21. First raids
 First group killed during the sacred
month in a sacred area.
 Muhammad originally did not take the
spoils, but then wrote that idolatry and
resisting Islam is worse than killing.
Surah 2:216-217
 Before that event, one killing paid for
another, but no longer

22. Jihad starts
 Muhammad took 20% of the spoils.
They held other men for ransom
 Allah revealed that the sin of rejecting
Islam was worse than attacking during
the sacred month.
 Umar wanted to kill the captives, and
Muhammad later felt that killing was
better than ransom

23. Badr – key early battle
 Abu Sufyan with 70 men went on a
caravan from Mecca
 Muhammad got an army of 300 to
attack – those from both Mecca and
Medina
 Abu Sufyan discovered the plot and
moved the caravan from Badr.
 Muhammad plugged the wells between
them and the Quraysh army

24. Battle of Badr
 Hamza killed the first man
 The battle was fierce, with many dying.
This is the first time that persons killed
their own family – in the cause of Allah.
The first martyr was guaranteed
paradise.
 The Muslims were victorious, killed
enemies, captured some for ransom,
and a lot of booty

25. Battle of Badr
 They were outnumbered 3:1, but lost
14 men and killed 49 of the Quraysh
 Muhammad felt this was an answer
from Allah

26. Qur’an assessment of
Badr
 To resists Muhammad is a death
sentence from Allah
 Don’t turn your back except tactical
maneuver against any Kafir
 The awe of Muhammad is the fear of
Allah
 The strength of the fighting is in piety,
not in numbers

27. No more taking captives for
ransom
 They would no longer take captives for
ransom, but kill all Kafirs – Saed’s
request
 The spoils of war would finance Islam
 Islam jihad a universal command, and a
fused religious and political machine
together
 Started with 150 poor Muslims, picked
up another 100-150, but now is a
powerful army

28. Banu Qaynuqa jews from
Medina
 One of 3 Jewish tribes in Medina
 Muhammad besieged the tribe, and
eventually they surrendered. An Arab
ally begged for safety for them
 Muhammad took all the goods and
wealth and drove them out of Medina

29. Al Ashraf the Jew
assassinated
 Al Ashraf wrote poetry criticizing
Islam
 A Muslim offered to kill him. He was
allowed by Muhammad to lie to
deceive him.
 The muslim pretended to befriend
him, but then set a trap and killed
him.
 Note: lying is OK to help Muhammad

30. The battle of Uhud
 The Meccans returned for revenge.
 The Muslims did not stay in an encamp-
ment where they had an advantage
 At first they won, but the archers left
their post to get booty, and the cavalry
attacked from the rear and won for
Mecca

31. The lesson of Uhud
 The Muslims expected to win, and were
defeated.
 Muhammad told them that their defeat was
because they failed to hold themselves as
good Muslims, and failed to obey him
explicitly.
 But Allah loved them enough not to totally
destroy them.
 They should not focus on booty, but on
victory for Allah

32. After Uhud
 There were two situations where there
was deceit and betrayal.
 On the second occasion, Muhammad
lost 69 of his best fighters.
 On another occasion, he sent Abdullah
to assassinate the leader of a coalition
against him. The assassin succeeded
and was rewarded for his deed.

33. Jewish tribe #2 from
Medina
 Another tribe made a plan to kill
Muhammad but he found out and
besieged them. He burned many of
their date palms.
 They offered to leave without fighting,
just taking what their camels would
carry
 All the spoil went to Muhammad since
there was no jihad

34. Jewish tribe #3
 Tribe went to Quraysh to join in
fighting Muhamamed.
 They asked the Jews whose religion
was better – Muhammad or the
Quraysh. The Jews answered the
Quraysh.
 Muhammad was advised to dig a ditch
to protect against the invasion

35. The battle of the trench
 The battle never really took place.
Muhammad was able to find someone
to sow discord between the Arab
Meccans and Jewish allies, and they
disbursed
 Later two of his men tried to kill Abu
Safyan, and did not succeed, but killed
three men and captured one

36. The last Jews of Medina
 Muhammad saw a vision of Gabriel,
who ordered fighting the Jews
 He put them to a siege 25 days, and
then they surrendered.
 The Jews agreed to whatever one of
the Muslims would decree – thinking
he was their friend

37. The last Jews of Medina
 Their friend said they should die and
the wives & children become booty.
 Muhammad beheaded 800 Jews, took
their wives and children and all
property,
 He sold some wives for sex slaves
 He took one Jewish woman as his own
wife after killing her husband and
family, promptly marrying her

38. Arabs kill Abu Rafi
 One Arab tribe ingratiated themselves
to the Muslims by offering to kill the
Jew who organized the fight at the
battle of the trench, Abu Rafi
 Five men went and succeeded

39. Continued battles
 There were several other battles, and
he conquered the Mustaliq tribe.
 There was also squabbling between
the Immigrants and the helpers.
 Muhammad married one wife of the
captured tribe – wife #7

40. Muhammad poisoned
 A Jewish woman poisoned Muhammad
after losing her husband, father, and
brother in a battle
 He recognized and spit it out, but
another man died. He was sick for
some time.

41. Aisha’s situation
 Aisha was in a veiled howdah.
Unknown to others, she went to find a
necklace which she lost, and was left
behind.
 A man found her and returned her but
rumors was that he had slept with her.
These went on for a month

42. Aisha left behind inadvertently
 Muhammad solved her situation
by revelation
 Allah showed that there must be
4 witnesses for adultery to occur
– thus nothing bad occurred
 But what protected her has
created big problems for women
raped

43. Results of Aisha’s
innocence
 Woman’s testimony is not
counted except ½ for a man in
property. Aisha’s testimony did
not count
 Rape – 4 men must testify that it
occurred. If the rapist denies,
the woman may end up being
executed for fornication.

44. Treaty of Al Hudaybiya
 After a lot of debating, the Meccans
signed a treaty with Muhammad, who
viewed the treaty as a victory for Islam.
 Ultimately, treaty was for 10 years –
and any treaty is only for 10 years, and
only to allow the Muslims a chance to
regroup and fight more effectively

45. Dhimmis begin here
 They prepared to attack Khaybar.
Their king Marhab fought Amir, who
inadvertently killed himself.
 Ali fought and killed Marhab
 The Muslims captured a fort at the
time; Muhammad took captive Safiyah,
a beautiful Jew and freed her as a
marriage present.

46. Dhimmis start at Khaybar
 1800 men divided the spoil;
 Muhammad got 20%.
 At nearby Fadat, they surrendered
without a fight and Muhammad
received everything

47. Dhimmi
 Muhammad allowed Jews to live, but
received 50% of their profits and
humiliated them
 They refused to pay some blood money
to Muhammad.
 Later, on his deathbed, he asked that no
Jews or Christians be allowed in Arabia
on his deathbed. Muslims still try to do
this today

48. Loss at Muta
 They attacked Muta, but found a
large number of professional
Christian warriors there, who
destroyed them.

49. Defeating Mecca
 Abu Sufyan, a chief opponent, came
against Muhammad’s army of
10,000.
 He was almost killed, but offered a
chance to submit to Islam or die.

50. Defeating Mecca
 He submitted, and told those who
stayed home or in the Ka’aba that
they would not be killed.
 Only 13 Meccans resisted, and
Muhammad became ruler.
 He took his 10th
wife.

51. Mecca made holy
 Muhammad made Mecca a holy city,
without bloodshed except at the order of
Muhammad.
 He entered the Ka’aba and broke the
idols there after riding 7 times around it
and touching the black stone 7 times.
 One lady submitted to Islam and was
forgiven by touching his hand

52. Khalid
 Khalid deceived men promising
not to kill them.
 When they surrendered, he bound
and killed them; a woman was
also killed
 Muhammad asked forgiveness of
Allah, and paid blood money

53. l
Battle of Hunain
 There was intense fighting and
the Muslims drew back.
Muhammad and Abu Bakr rallied
the troops and turned the tide of
battle.
 Kab, a poet against Muhammad,
became a Muslim and was not
killed

54. l
Wives and trouble
 There was big trouble when Mary,
a Coptic slave, gave Muhammad
a son
 When one wife was away, he
brought her into his harem
instead of visiting her apart.

55. l
Muhammad’s wives trouble
(mentioned above)
 The other wives rebelled, Muhammad
stayed away from them for a month,
and
 Then there was some reference about
this episode against the wives in the
Qur’an.
 His son Abraham died at 16 months of
age

56. Battle of Tabuk of Tabuk
 The trip was long in the heat of the
summer. A number grumbled and
dropped out
 After arrival, they agreed to the poll tax
so there was no battle
 Khalid killed a Christian brother of the
ruler and captured the ruler for ransom
 Returning, he shunned 3 men for 50
days, then forgave them

57. Thaqif submits
 The first man from there submitted, but
was killed on his return and
announcement.
 But later the rest of the people
submitted
 The Qur’an now states that jihad is the
normal state of affairs. But leave some
behind so that the proper teaching is
given

58. Abu Bakr leads a
pilgrimage
 The treaty was only good for 4 sacred
months; then jihad with compulsion to convert
 No Kafirs could come to Mecca. The loss of
income would come from jihad and the poll
tax. Those who resisted to fight were
hypocrites
 Now several tribes submitted. Muhammad
sent out people to collect the zakat (alms,
usually 2.5% of income.

59. Last pilgrimage to Mecca
 In 622, he took all his wives and
100,000 for a trip to Mecca
 He did the traditional things done
before, establishing the Hajj
 In his final sermon, he said that
no prophet shall follow him, but
the Qur’an and Sunna will keep
them away from problem

60. Last pilgrimage
 Final address: no usury; no blood
revenge from before Islam; use the
lunar calendar
 Men had rights over a woman; they
were not to commit adultery or act
sexually toward others.
 Christians and Jews are dhimmi and
must pay jizya and accept humiliation

61. Muhammad and world leaders
 Muhammad sent notes to several
world leaders – one in Rome and
Ethiopia said that he was a true
prophet expected by Christians
 The Persian king ripped the paper in
pieces

62. Summary of fighting
 Over 9 years
 Muhammad participated in 27 raids
 There were 38 other expeditions and
battles
 There were assassinations and executions
 Average – one battle /7 weeks over 9
years
 After this = still more raids and killings
listed in the Sunna, wives traded, etc.

63. Muhammad dies
 He became sick and weak suddenly,
and died within a short time in the
room of Aisha. He was buried beneath
his bed
 One of his last words was – only one
religion must be in Arabia

64. The character of Muhammad
 He was generous and open to all friends
but when he became a prophet, he was
gentle with Muslims and brutal with
those who were not.
 He participated in all levels of slavery
and approved of it, including sex with
slaves

65. Short summary of caliphs
following Muhammad
 This is a very short condensed
summary of the first righteous
caliphs who followed Muhammad
 There is a brief estimated
summary of deaths via jihad.
03/23/15 Les 1 Santa Jejej 65

66. Who would follow?
 They felt that there should be just one
leader, not one for helpers and one for
immigrants
 He must be from the Quraysh, the tribe
superior to all others in the world
 Abu Bakr was chosen. Many wanted to
leave Islam, but he killed all who wanted to
leave as apostates (Ridda wars). He was
successful for 2 years, against Iraq

67. Umar, chosen by Abu Bakr to
follow
 Conquered Egypt, Syria and Persia
 Set up documents for dhimmi status
 He stopped dividing the spoils of war
and arranged state payment & a
standing army

68. Umar, chosen by Abu Bakr to
follow
 Giant of a man,
 Beat his own son to death for drunken-
ness.
 Feared, not loved.
 Assassinated by a slave –a former
Persian general

69. Uthman
 Chosen by 6 men picked by Umar
 Unpopular as he consolidated the
government and there was less booty
and income
 He had assembled the Qur’an
 He was assassinated by Muslims and
his body dumped and partially eaten by
dogs

70. Ali
 There was resistance from Muslims.
He killed some.
 Discontent from Aisha; when he
won, she was placed under house
arrest.
 When Aisha had been accused of
infidelity years before, Ali had told
Muhammad he could get better
wives

71. Ali
 Then the governor of Syria demanded
some of Uthman’s assassins to be
turned over for revenge; Ali refused.
 They made a peace agreement,
but many Muslims left Ali
 He was then assassinated

72. Governor of Syria ruled
 He ruled successfully, but when
his son became caliph, the
factions resumed.
 He demanded homage; resistance
arose, and Al Husayn, Ali’s son,
was killed, still mourned by Shi’a
Muslims

73. Summary after Muhammad
 Abu Bakr slaughtered thousands
of apostates
 Umar assassinated by a slave he
had captured
 Uthman assassinated by Muslims
 Ali – assassinated by Muslims
 Al Husayn – killed by Muslims in

74. Estimated Deaths by
Jihadby jihad
 Africans = 120 million
 Christians – 60 million
 Jews – a few thousand
 Hindus = 80 million
 Buddhists – 10 million
 Total: approximately 270 million