The document discusses mangrove forests and the halophytic plants that grow in them. Mangroves grow in saline, muddy environments that are frequently flooded by tides. They have developed various adaptations to survive in these conditions, including knee roots, prop roots and aerial roots. Species that grow in more saline environments tend to be more tolerant than those in less saline areas. The mud in mangrove forests is typically deep and rich in organic materials.

1. Natural Vegetation:
Mangrove Forest
Sec 3E Geography
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2. Halophytes
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3. Halophytes
plants that grow naturally in saline
environment
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5. saline
environment
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6. saline
environment
muddy and
waterlogged
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7. saline
environment
muddy and
waterlogged
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rich in organic
materials - lack
of oxygen

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10. Infrequently
Flooded
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11. Frequently
Flooded
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Infrequently
Flooded

12. Knee Roots
Bruguiera
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13. Prop Roots
Rhizophora
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Knee Roots
Bruguiera

14. Aerial Roots
Prop Roots
Knee Roots
Avicennia /
Sonneratia
Rhizophora
Bruguiera
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16. Less tolerant
to Saline
Environment
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17. More tolerant
to Saline
Environment
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Less tolerant
to Saline
Environment

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23. Infrequently
Flooded
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24. Frequently
Flooded
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Infrequently
Flooded

25. Frequently
Flooded
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Mud is deep
and rich in
organic matter
Infrequently
Flooded

26. Frequently
Flooded
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Mud is deep
and rich in
organic matter
Infrequently
Flooded

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30. SOME species have
salt glands in the
leaves to excrete
excess salt
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