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Ch02
1.
Chapter 2: Portraying
Earth McKnight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, Tenth Edition, Hess
2.
Portraying Earth • The
Nature of Maps • Map Scale • Map Essentials • The Role of Globes • Map Projections • Families of Map Projections • Isolines 2© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.
Portraying Earth • GPS—Global
Positioning System • Remote Sensing • GIS—Geographic Information Systems • Tools of the Geographer 3© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4.
The Nature of
Maps • 2-dimensional representation of Earth’s surface • Show 4 key properties of a region – Size – Shape – Distance – Direction • Maps are imperfect, since Earth is a sphere 4© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-2b
5.
Map Scale • Maps
are always smaller than the area they represent • Map scales are necessary to understand realistic distances on map • Scale is relationship between area on map and area on Earth • Three primary types – Graphic – Fractional – Verbal 5© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-3
6.
Map Scale • Large
versus small map scales 6© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-4
7.
Map Essentials • Need
several properties of maps to help with interpretation: – Title – Date – Legend – Scale – Direction – Location – Data Source – Map Projection 7© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-5
8.
The Role of
Globes • Advantages of Globes – Maintains correct geographic relationships between points – Can accurately represent spatial relationships between points on Earth • Disadvantages of Globes – Only can see a hemisphere at a time – Large and bulky – Cannot contain much detail 8© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-6
9.
Map Projections • Challenge
of the cartographer (“mapmaker”) – Combine geographic exactness of globe with convenience of flat map • Definition of map projection • Principle behind map projections • Two primary types – Equivalent—ratio of areal size on map and Earth is the same – Conformal—shape of locations on the map is the same as on Earth 9© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.
Map Projections • Equivalence
versus conformality dilemma 10© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-10
11.
Families of Map
Projections • Cylindrical Projections – “Wrap” the globe in a cylinder of paper – Paper tangent to Earth at equator – Conformal projection – Mercator projection is most famous 11© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-7
12.
Families of Map
Projections • Plane Projections – Project globe onto a paper that is tangent to globe at some point – Displays one hemisphere well – Equivalent projection – An example is an orthographic plane projection (Figure 2-13) 12© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-9
13.
Families of Map
Projections • Conic Projections – Project the map onto a cone tangent to or intersecting the globe – Principal parallel – Good for mapping small areas on Earth – Impractical for global mapping 13© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-8
14.
Families of Map
Projections • Pseudocylindrical Projections – A mix of conformal and equivalent – Central parallel and meridian cross at right angles – Oval shaped; distortion increases as you move away from the center 14© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-11
15.
Families of Map
Projections • Interrupted Projections – Minimize distortion – Discontinuous map, shapes and sizes maintained – Typically oceans are distorted; land masses maintain original shape and size – Goode’s projection 15© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-14
16.
Isolines • Definition • Many
types – Isobar: line of constant pressure – Isotherm: line of constant temperature – Isohyet: line of constant rain – Isoamplitude: line of constant wave amplitude • Construction steps/rules 16© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-16
17.
Isolines 17© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc. 800 700 600 500 400 300
18.
Isolines • Topographic Maps –
Show elevation contours – Contour lines – Lines closer together represent steeper terrain – Often used in geography 18© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-15
19.
Isolines • Topographic Maps –
Show elevation contours – Lines closer together represent steeper terrain – Often used in geography 19© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-15
20.
GPS—Global Positioning System •
Global navigation satellite system for determining location on Earth’s surface • Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) • Continuously Operating GPS Reference Stations (CORS) 20© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-19
21.
Remote Sensing • Measurement
by a device not in contact with Earth’s surface • Common types include: – Aerial Photographs – Orthophoto maps – Visible Light and Infrared (IR) Scanning – Thermal IR scanning – Radar and Sonar – Many others 21© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Aerial Photography—Figure 2-20
22.
Remote Sensing • Orthophoto
maps – Photographic maps that are multicolored and distortion free – Useful in low-lying coastal regions to show marsh topography 22© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-21
23.
Remote Sensing • Visible
light and IR scanning – Based off of visible light and IR part of electromagnetic spectrum (Figure 2-22) – Shows “false color” 23© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-23 Figure 2-22
24.
Remote Sensing • Radar
Imagery – “Radio Detection and Ranging” – Useful for identifying atmospheric moisture • Sonar Imagery – “Sound Navigation and Ranging” – Permits underwater imaging • Thermal IR scanning – Scans in the thermal IR part of spectrum – Shows images based on temperature – Often utilized in meteorology 24© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
25.
GIS—Geographic Information Systems • Computer
systems used to analyze and display spatial data • Layers of data used in mapping • Requires high powered computing to process multiple maps 25© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2-29
26.
Tools of the
Geographer • Vast array of maps, remotely sensed satellite imagery, and computer applications • Difficult to determine the best way to use all of this information • Some tools better at identifying features on Earth than others • Ultimate goal: “To better understand Earth.” 26© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
27.
Summary • Maps are
essential to portray features on Earth’s surface • Need a map scale to identify how a map relates to the actual surface features on Earth • Many other map properties are essential to interpreting a map • Globes have several advantages and disadvantages • Representing Earth in 2 dimensions can be done through map projections 27© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
28.
Summary • Many different
map projections exist • Dilemma of equivalent versus conformal • Plotting isolines on a map can help with interpretation of features on the map • The global positioning system (GPS) helps to identify location on Earth’s surface • Remote sensing is a measurement of Earth’s surface from a system not on Earth’s surface 28© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
29.
Summary • Many different
remote sensing instruments exist, including satellite, radar, and sonar • GIS are computer systems used to analyze and display spatial data, often in layers • The geographer has many tools, but the ultimate goal is “To better understand Earth.” 29© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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