On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
Structure of organic compounds
1. Biochemistry
• Study of chemical composition and
reactions occurring in living matter
• Inorganic Compounds
• Do not contain carbon
• Exceptions - CO2, CO, bicarbonates
• Water is the most abundant and important
inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all
cells and 2/3 of body weight
2. Organic Compounds
• Contain the element
carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
• Carbon is found in
things that are or
once were living.
• Carbon atoms share
electrons to form
covalent bonds.
3. Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are composed of
hundreds to thousands of individual
molecules.
– The single molecules in a polymer are called
monomers.
4. Organic Compounds
• The long molecules formed by repeating
patterns of monomers are called
polymers.
5. Functional Groups
• A functional group is a group of atoms that
characterize the structure of a family of
organic compounds.
• Functional groups determine many of the
properties of organic compounds.
• 3 Types to Know: Amine (NH2), Carboxyl
(COOH), Hydroxyl (OH).
9. Macromolecules
• 4 Types of Organic Compounds or
macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
– Essential to maintaining life processes: cell
function, storage, energy, homeostasis and
genetic information.
10. Carbohydrates
• Make up sugars and • The ratio of the atoms
starches is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O
• Contain a hydroxyl • Provide energy to the
(OH) group cells.
• Contain atoms of
• Dissolve in water
carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. (hydrophilic)
11. Types of Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are classified according
to size.
• One sugar is a monosaccharide
(monomer).
• Two sugars make a disaccharide.
• Many sugar molecules linked together form
a polysaccharide (polymer).
15. Lipids
• The three types of • Glycerol contains the
lipids are fats, oils, hydroxyl (OH) group.
and waxes. • Fatty acids contain
• Contain carbon, the carboxyl (COOH)
hydrogen, and group.
oxygen
• Typically contain two
monomers –
glycerol and fatty acids
17. Functions of Lipids
• Lipids store energy • Lipids do not
for later use by the dissolve in water
body. (hydrophobic), but
• Lipids also serve may contain parts
as padding and that can dissolve in
protection for the water.
body. • The H : O ratio is
higher in lipids than
it is in
carbohydrates.
18. Structure of a Lipid
• Dissolves in
water (
hydrophilic)
• Does not
dissolve in
water
(hydrophobic)
19. Phospholipid
• Found in cell
membranes
– Head is the
phosphate
group.
• Hydrophilic
– Tails are the
fatty acids.
• Hydrophobic
20. Fatty Acids
• Long chains of carbon atoms with
attached hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons)
• Saturated fats contain only single bonds
between the carbon atoms.
• Unsaturated fats contain one or more
double or triple bonds between the carbon
atoms.
22. Proteins
• Proteins are the building materials for the
body.
– Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made
mostly of proteins.
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen
• Contain amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH)
groups
23. Function of Proteins
• The building blocks of • Amino acid chains are
proteins are amino acids called polypeptides.
(monomers). • A protein contains one or
• Serve as enzymes which more polypeptide chains.
control rate of reactions
and regulate cell
processes.
• Amino acids are
connected by a special
type of bond called a
peptide bond.
25. Types of Proteins
• There are two types of proteins –
fibrous and globular.
• Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons,
bones, and muscles) does not dissolve
in water (hydrophobic).
• Globular protein (found in enzymes,
some hormones, and hemoglobin) can
dissolve in water (hydrophilic).
26. Fibrous Proteins
• Keratins are a family
of
fibrous structural proteins
; tough and insoluble,
they form the hard but
nonmineralized
structures found in
reptiles, birds,
amphibians and
mammals.
Types of Proteins
27. Globular Proteins
• Enzymes are
proteins that catalyze
(i.e. accelerate)
chemical reactions.
• Almost all processes
in a biological cell
need enzymes in
order to occur at
significant rates.
Types of Proteins
Hinweis der Redaktion
Identify the important facts regarding inorganic molecules.
Have students differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds.
The images at the bottom are examples of monomers. Explain to the students that fructose is a simple sugar. The string of beads are also an example of monomers. As the beads are all the same in the string.
Compare the structure of the monomers to the polymers. Use the InterWrite tablet to identify the bonds for students.
Use the interactive links to show the diagrams of each functional group.
Use InterWrite tablet to a place circle around the functional group.
Identify the double bonds, in the carboxyl group.
Circle the hydroxyl group in the sugar molecule. Use the InterWrite tablets.
Students are to list all of the reasons why macromolecules are essential to life on their Cornell note sheet. Please allow time for this.
Emphasize the importance of carbohydrates to living things.
Use image to discuss the structure of the two simple sugars and their molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6. Use the InterWrite tablet to circle the functional group.
Differentiate between the simple sugars and the complex sugar. Again, emphasize the structure and molecular formula C 12 H 22 O 11. Use the InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group.
Identify the structure of the polysaccharide. Highlight for students how the long chains of monomers form this polymer. Also, use the InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group.
Emphasize the three types of lipids. Click link for glycerol and fatty acids to show a diagram of the two structures. Use InterWrite tablets to circle the functional group.
Discuss the differences between the glycerol and the fatty acids chain.
Identify the functions of the lipids. Make sure students have the same information on their Cornell note sheet.
Use this slide to discuss the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of the lipid molecule. The link will also take you to an image of the phospholipid bilayer.
Explain to the students how the phosholipid bilayer works.
Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Explain the structure.
Identify the functions of proteins.
Additional functions for review. Use the link to an example of three different types of amino acids and a peptide bond.
Identify the three amino acids. Explain how they come together to form the peptide bond.
This slide is optional. Use if you would like your students to have this additional information regarding proteins. It is also linked to examples of each type of protein.
