1. 1 COMMA SPLİCE
2 RUN-ON SENTENCE
3 NON-PARALLEL SENTENCE
4 SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

2.  A comma splice is the use of a comma to join
two independent clauses. For example:
 It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before
dark.[1]
 Although acceptable in some languages and
compulsory in others, comma splices are usually
considered style errors in English.

3.  Simply removing the comma does not correct the
error, but results in a run-on sentence. There are
several ways to correct a comma splice:
Change the comma to a semicolon, colon, or dash:
 It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before
dark.
 We cannot reach town before dark: it is nearly half past
five.
 It is nearly half past five—we cannot reach town before
dark.

4.  Write the two clauses as two separate sentence:
 It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.
 Insert a coordinating conjunction following the comma:
 It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before
dark.
 It is nearly half past five, so we cannot reach town before dark.
 Make one clause dependent on the other:
 Because it is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town
before dark.
 It is nearly half past five, which means we cannot reach
town before dark.
 Use a semicolon plus a conjunctive adverb:
 It is nearly half past five; hence, we cannot reach town before
dark.

5.  A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or
more independent clauses are joined without
appropriate punctuation or conjunction. It is generally
considered a stylistic error, though it is occasionally
used in literature and may be used as a rhetorical
device. An example of a run-on is a comma splice, in
which two independent clauses are joined with a
comma without an accompanying coordinating
conjunction.Some prescriptivists exclude comma
splices from the definition of a run-on sentence,but
this does not imply that they consider comma splices
to be acceptable.

6.  The mere fact that a sentence is long does not make it
a run-on sentence; sentences are run-ons only when
they contain more than one independent clause. A
run-on sentence can be as short as four words—for
instance: I drive she walks. In this case there are two
independent clauses: two subjects paired with
two intransitive verbs. So as long as clauses are
punctuated appropriately, a writer can assemble
multiple independent clauses in a single sentence; in
fact, a properly constructed sentence can be extended
indefinitely.

7.  A run-on sentence, without any punctuation or
conjunction between "gas" and "we":
 My car is out of gas we cannot reach town before dark.
 A comma splice, which is considered a run-on
sentence in English by some usage experts:
 It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before
dark.

8.  Use separate sentences. However, this may disconnect
related independent clauses and cause some of the
meaning to be lost:
 It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.
 Use a semicolon. This maintains the connection between
the clauses while ensuring a pause between the two ideas:
 It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.
 Use a coordinating conjunction.
 It is nearly half past five, so we cannot reach town before dark.

9. Understanding Parallel Structure
Parallel structure (also called parallelism) is the repetition of a
chosen grammatical form within a sentence.By making each
compared item or idea in your sentence follow the same
grammatical pattern, you create a parallel construction.
 Example
 Not Parallel:
 Ellen likes hiking, the rodeo, and to take afternoon naps.
 Parallel:
 Ellen likes hiking, attending the rodeo, and taking afternoon
naps. OR
 Ellen likes to hike, attend the rodeo, and take afternoon naps

10.  Using Parallel Structure
With Coordinating Conjunctions
When you connect two or more clauses or phrases with coordinating
conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so), use parallel structure.
 Example
Not Parallel:
 My best friend took me dancing and to a show.
Parallel:
 My best friend took me to a dance and a show.
 With Correlative Conjunctions
When you connect two clauses or phrases with a correlative conjunction
(not only…but also, either…or,
neither…nor, if…then, etc.), use parallel structure.

11. Not Parallel:
 My dog not only likes to play fetch, but also chase cars.
Parallel:
 My dog not only likes to play fetch, but he also likes to chase cars. OR
 My dog likes not only to play fetch, but also to chase cars.
With Phrases or Clauses of Comparison
When you connect two clauses or phrases with a word of comparison,
such as than or as, use parallel structure.
 Example
Not Parallel:
 I would rather pay for my education than financial aid.
Parallel:
 I would rather pay for my education than receive financial aid

12. Some helpful hints on how to revise sentences for
parallel structure:
 1) Figure out what parts of the sentence are being
compared.
 2) Decide whether they are parallel, i.e. arranged or
constructed in the same way.
 3) If they are not, make them parallel by making the
grammatical construction the same in each part.
 Bruce Wayne enjoys donning his Batman costume,
answering the Commissioner's phone calls, and saving
Gotham City from cruel villains like the Penguin.

13. A SENTENCE FRAGMENT fails to be a sentence in
the sense that it cannot stand by itself. It does not
contain even one independent clause. There are
several reasons why a group of words may seem to act
like a sentence but not have the wherewithal to make it
as a complete thought.
 It may locate something in time and place with a
prepositional phrase or a series of such phrases,
but it's still lacking a proper subject-verb
relationship within an independent clause:
EXAMPLE: In Japan, during the last war and just
before the armistice.

14. This sentence accomplishes a great deal in terms of placing
the reader in time and place, but there is no subject, no
verb.
 It describes something, but there is no subject-verb
relationship:
EXAMPLE: Working far into the night in an effort to
salvage her little boat.
This is a verbal phrase that wants to modify something, the
real subject of the sentence (about to come up), probably
the she who was working so hard.
 It may have most of the makings of a sentence but still
be missing an important part of a verb string:

15. EXAMPLE: Some of the students working in Professor
Espinoza's laboratory last semester.
Remember that an -ing verb form without an auxiliary form
to accompany it can never be a verb.
 It may even have a subject-verb relationship, but it has
been subordinated to another idea by a dependent
word and so cannot stand by itself:
EXAMPLE: Even though he had the better arguments and was
by far the more powerful speaker.
This sentence fragment has a subject, he, and two
verbs, had and was, but it cannot stand by itself because of
the dependent word (subordinating conjunction) even
though.