1. COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS Information systems where computer is being used as a tool for processing-Watson & Kroeber Model : # Office Automation Systems(OAS) # Transaction Processing Systems(TPS) # Management Information Systems(MIS) # Decision Support Systems(DSS)

2. OAS Bring technology to knowledge workers and office staff. As drill presses and cutting machines have increased the productivity of factory workers, the word processing, facsimile and e-mail have increased the productivity of office staff. An automated office is a multifunctional integrated computer based system that allows many office activities to be performed in an electronic mode.

3. TPS TPS are the capabilities designed to capture and store data on the activities of the organization. First systems to be computerized. The focus of TPS is data and short-term events of the organization. A TPS is a computer based system that captures, classifies, stores, maintains, updates and retrieves transaction data for record keeping and for input to other systems.

4. MIS MIS takes data from TPS and transforms it into information to support the structured decision processes. Produce scheduled reports. Focus is information. An organized set of processes that provides information to manag­ers to support the operations and decision making within an organization.

5. DSS An interactive system that provides access to data and models to support semi-structured and unstructured problems. The focus is on decision process involving planning and trouble shooting.

6. Special reports, input to difficult decisions, replies to man­agement queries Query response, Management science/operations research modeling, simulation Some processed transaction data, mostly management originated data, unique models DSS Summary and exception reports, routine decisions, replies to management queries Report generation, data management, simple modeling, statistical methods, query response Processed Transaction Data, some management originated data, pre- programmed models MIS Detail Reports, Processed transaction data Classifying, sorting, addition, deletion, updation Transaction Data TPS Schedules, memoranda, bulk mail, administrative reports, etc. Scheduling, word processing, data storage and retrieval Appointments, documents, address lists etc. OAS OUTPUTS PROCESSES INPUTS CBIS INPUTS-PROCESSES-OUTPUTS OF CBIS

7. Applications Simple Complex MIS IN A TOTAL CBIS ENVIRONMENT TPS & OAS DSS MIS Simple Complex Technology

8. Hierarchical View DSS OAS TPS MIS Clerical Personnel First – Line Management Middle Mgt Top Mgt

9. EVOLUTIONARY VIEW 1970 1960 To MIS 1950 To D.P 1980 To D.S.S CBIS To O.A.S

10. Contingency View 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Top Management Middle Management First-Line Management Clerical Personal Organisational Levels Served Examples of Related Disciplines Management Science / Operations Research Organisation Theory Accounting Office Management DSS MIS (TPS) OAS DP

12. Data Management from TPS Reporting Systems from MIS Modeling Techniques from DSS Office Communications from OAS GUI