Complex Shit in 15 Slides: Understand the "Standard Model"

1. Complex Shit in 15 Slides:
Understand the “Standard Model”
created by Jack Tucker

2. **This is an extremely high-level picture**
• The model attempts to easily explain how the
fundamental particles interact with each other
• Go through the slides consecutively. Use “click me”
notices or underlined hyperlinks to quickly jump to a
specific slide for a particle or force
• The model in the top-left is to help show which “level”
of the atom is being discussed. All particles within it
are click-able

3. Simple Atom End Presentation
(Hydrogen-2 Isotope; Deuterium)
Electron
(Click-able)
Nucleus
Click-
able
Orbital: Not able to know exact
position and momentum of an electron. Until
observed, the electron is in all places within the
orbital at the same time.
(Heisenberg Uncertainty Principal)

4. End Presentation
Inside the Nucleus
Neutron
(Click-able Items)
~
+
Proton
[Back to Beginning]

5. End Presentation
ELECTRON
Member of the “Fermion” family,
but really is a “Lepton”
(Click-able Items)
e-
Has a negative charge; no known components
[Back to Beginning]

6. End Presentation
Inside the Proton
~
Baryon
+
(Click-able Items)
Up
Fermions,
A.K.A. Quarks
Down
Up
[Back to Beginning]

7. End Presentation
Inside the Neutron
~
Baryon
+
(Click-able Items)
Up
Fermions,
A.K.A. Quarks
Down
Down
[Back to Beginning]

8. End Presentation
Fermions
(The “matter” Particles)
~ Two Types
+
(Click-able Items)
These two groups interact with each
other using the ‘force carriers’ to form
the matter we can see and touch
Leptons Quarks
Part of
Quark: Generation
Part of Up 1
Lepton: Generation
Down 1
Electron (-) 1
Force Carriers Charm 2
Muon (-) 2
3 Strange 2
Tau (-)
Top 3
Bottom 3
Theorized force and particle interactions [Back to Beginning]

9. End Presentation
Force Carriers
(Gives ‘force’ to the interactions between fermions)
~
A way to think about this is that fermions
+ (leptons and quarks) “exchange” the
(Click-able Items)
particles below, resulting in the correct
force, creating what we can see and touch.
Force Name Mediated/"Carried", by How used?
Electromagnetism Photons electromagnetic spectrum
Weak Force W+, W-, Z Bosons formation of chemical elements
holds protons, neutrons in the
Strong Force Gluons
nucleus
Gravity graviton? Gravity, general relativity
Theorized force and particle interactions
[Back to Beginning]

10. End Presentation
Quarks
~
+ • Quark types are known as “flavors”
(Click-able Items) •(Up, Down, Top, Bottom, Charm, Strange)
• A grouping is a “hadron”. A hadron of 3 quarks is a “baryon” Quark:
•So, protons and neutrons are baryons. Up
• Quarks are never found in isolation, only grouped together (hadron) Down
Decreasing Mass
Charm
• Quarks are the only elementary particles that experience all of the
force carriers (electromagnetism, weak, strong, gravitational) Strange
Top
• All “normal” matter consists of Up and Down quarks
Bottom
Could Charm/Strange & Top/Bottom combine to make a heavier version of a
proton and neutron?
[Back to Beginning]

11. End Presentation
Leptons
~
Electron: has a negative charge; no known components;
+ the natural ‘populator’ of atomic orbitals
(Click-able Items)
Muon: Identical in every way to an electron except it’s heavier;
Lepton:
decays into electron quickly;
Decreasing Mass
Able to replace electrons in atoms (Muonic Atom)! Electron (-)
-Due to larger mass, atom would be smaller than normal Muon (-)
Tau (-)
Tau: Also identical to an electron except it’s even heavier;
decays into electron quickly;
Able to replace electrons and muons in atoms (in theory)
Neutrino Particles: Not depicted in the presentation. Identical to their counterpart
(electron, muon, tau) but without any electrical charge. (Easily confused with neutron)
Muon’s and Tau’s beg the question of why are there heavier copies of electrons?
Additional Questions [Back to Beginning]

12. End Presentation
Higgs Boson
~
+
(Click-able Items)
• Has not yet been observed. The Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) was constructed to attempt to
find this particle. (They’re getting really close)
• Can hopefully explain why particles have mass.
i.e. Why the photon and gluon have no mass
and the W and Z bosons are incredibly massive.
• By understanding why force particles have
mass, we can better understand the how
matter is formed.
Theorized force and particle interactions [Back to Beginning]

13. End Presentation
Graviton
~
+
(Click-able Items)
• Not a recognized force carrier within the standard
model, yet. But we know something needs to
account for gravity.
• We know ‘general relativity’ (i.e. faster you go,
slower time goes) is true because we see the
results of it each day (used in GPS). It is attributed
to gravity which affects space-time but we have
no way of pointing to a specific force carrier that
exhibits those traits like we can with all other
phenomenon
Theorized force and particle interactions [Back to Beginning]

14. End Presentation
Final Questions
~
+
(Click-able Items)
• If all normal matter is made from electrons and
up/down quarks, part of generation 1. Could you
make an entire new set of matter from
generation 2 and 3? After all, those particles are
identical to generation 1, just heavier.
• Could there be other universes where the muon
and tau particles are normally used in the atom
rather than the electron?
[Back to Beginning]

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