Aca 2009 spirituality_and_meaning_handouts

Assessment of
Spirituality and
Meaning in Research
and Clinical Settings
American Counseling Association
Charlotte NC, March 21, 2009

Mark E. Young, University of Central Florida
Leila Roach, Stetson University
W. Bryce Hagedorn, University of Central Florida

Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 2
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Packet Contents
The Ultimate Meaning Technique 3
Assessment Techniques
Measures of Meaning 4
Brief Spiritual Assessment 5
Spiritual History 6
Quantitative Measures of Spirituality 7
Qualitative Measures of Spirituality 10
Spiritual Lifemap 11
Bibliography 13

The Ultimate Meanings Technique
from Mark E. Young (2009) Learning the Art of Helping
Leontiv (2007) devised a creative technique for identifying important meaning issues. The
technique consists of writing down your answer to a question with the stem, “Why do people. . .”
and then following up with more “why questions” to the answers. For example, “Why do people
watch TV, smoke cigarettes, get married, buy a house etc.) Below is an example using the
question, “Why do people travel?”
Answer: “To see new things.”
Question: “Why see new things?”
Answer: “Because you can see different ways of doing things”
Question: “Why see other ways of doing things?”
Answer: “Because then you will be able to think of new ideas.”
Question, “Why think of new ideas?”
Answer: “So that you can create new products a work and get an edge on other people.”
This example is truncated but perhaps you can see that this person may value creativity,
success at work and competing with others. Of course, you would need a longer series of
questions and different topics to get a clearer insight. If you would like to try the Ultimate
Meanings Technique for yourself, respond to the following question: “Why do people work?”
Write down your answer. Then ask a series of “why questions” based on your responses. Try to
put down 20 or so answers, then look through your answers and see if you can spot some key
values and meanings for yourself.
______________________________________________________________________________

Selected Instruments for the Measurement of Meaning in Life
Instrument Construct
Measured
Brief Description of
the Instrument
Citation
Personal Views
Survey
(PVS)
Hardiness 50-item revised
3 subscales, Challenge,
Commitment, Control
Hardiness Institute
(1985).
Sources of
Meaning Profile
(SMP)
Sources and
strength of personal
meaning in one’s
life
16 item scale which has
been used with older
adults
Reker & Wong (1988).
Pargament’s
Meaning Scale
(PMS)
Meaning that
spirituality provides
in one’s life
20-item scale that does
not measure spirituality
but the degree that
religion and spiritual
practice add meaning.
Pargament (1999).
Sense of
Coherence Scale
(SOC)
Sense of
Coherence
13-items on three
subscales;
Comprehensibility,
Manageability and
Meaningfulness
Antonovsky & Sagy
(1986).
Purpose In Life
(PIL)
Overall meaning
and purpose in life.
20 items. It is an attitude
scale that measures the
degree to which a
person feels meaning
and purpose in life
includes existential
elements.
Crumbaugh & Maholick
(1964).
Life Regard
Index
(LRI)
Positive life regard,
a synonym for
personal meaning
in life
28 items. Two
subscales: Framework
(the person has a
meaningful perspective_
and Fulfillment (Am I
fulfilling my life goals?).
Battista & Almond
(1973).
Debats (1998).
Personal
Meaning Profile
(PMP)
Measures specific
domains of
meaning as well as
magnitude, breadth
and balance.
57 items measuring
seven factors:
Achievement striving,
relationship, intimacy
religion, self-
transcendence, self-
acceptance, fair
treatment
Wong (1998).
Life Purpose
Questionnaire
(LPQ)
Overall meaning
and purpose in life
similar to the PIL.
A 20 item test.
Agree/disagree format
allowing geriatric and
brain injured to respond.
Hablas & Hutzell, 1982
Seeking of
Noetic Goals
(SONG)
Overall meaning
and purpose in life
20 Likert items. Crumbaugh, 1977
Meaning in
Suffering Test
(MIST)
Multidimensional A 29-item scale with
three subscales and one
overall score.
Starck, 1985

Life Attitude
Profile- Revised
(LAP-R)
Multidimensional 48 items, six subscales
and two composite
scores.
Reker, 1992
The Brief Spiritual Assessment
from Hodge (2005) Spiritual Assessment in Marital and Family Therapy

The Spiritual History

Selective Instruments for the Quantitative Measure of Spirituality and Religion
Measured
Brief Description
of the Instrument
Citation
Human Spirituality
Scale (HSS)
Global measure of
spirituality
20 item scale rated
from 1 (never, almost
never) to 5
(constantly, almost
constantly)
Wheat (1991)
Spiritual Assessment
Inventory (SAI)
Spiritual maturity from
a Judeo-Christian
perspective
43 item inventory
scored on a 5-point
scale of 1(not true of
me) through 5 (true of
me)
Hall &Edwards (1996)
Index of Core Spiritual
Experiences
(INSPIRIT)
Two core elements of
spirituality;
experience(s) that
convince an individual
God exists, and a
perception that God
dwells in the individual
On-line, 7 item
instrument (item 7 has
13 parts)
Kass, Friedman,
Lesserman,
Zuttermeister, &
Benson (1991)
Spiritual Well-Being
Scale (SWBS)
Religious Well-Being
(RWB) as it relates to
concepts of God, and
Existential Well-Being
(EWB) as it relates to
a sense of purpose
and satisfaction in life
20-item scale with 6
responses ranging
from strongly disagree
to strongly agree
Ellison (1983)
Systems of Belief
Inventory
(SBI-15R)
Quality of life, stress,
and coping with life-
threatening illness by
examining 2 factors:
beliefs and practices;
and social support
15-item measure
scored on a 4-point
likert scale ranging
from 0 (strongly
disagree) to 3
(strongly agree)
Holland, Kash,
Passik, Gronert,
Sison, Lederberg,
Russak, Baider, & Fox
(1998)
The Functional
Assessment of
Chronic Illness
Therapy-Spiritual
Well-Being Scale
(FACIT-Sp)
Two subscales: sense
of meaning and
peace; and role of
faith in illness.
Produces a total score
for spiritual well-being.
12-item measure
scored on a 5-point
likert scale ranging
from 0 (not at all) to 4
(very much)
Peterman, Fitchett,
Brady, Pharm, & Cella
(2002)
Spiritual Health
Inventory (SHI)
Personal Spiritual
Experience, Spiritual
Well-being, Sense of
Harmony, and
Personal
Helplessness
18 item scale with 6
responses ranging
from strongly disagree
to strongly agree
Veach & Chappel
(1992)
Spirituality
Assessment Scale
(SAS)
Unifying
Interconnectedness,
Purpose and Meaning
in Life, Innerness or
Inner Resources, and
Transcendence
28 statements rated
from 1 (strongly
disagree) to 6
(strongly agree)
Howden (1992)
Spiritual Support
Scale
Emotional, intimacy,
and faith aspects of
spiritual support
3-items rated on a 5-
point scale.
Maton (1989)

Religious Orientation
Inventory (ROI)
Orientation toward
religion on both an
intrinsic and extrinsic
dimension
20-item measure Allport & Ross (1967)
Age Universal I-E Adapted from Allport
and Ross’s Religious
Orientation Scale that
can be used with
children and
adolescents
Gorsuch and Venable
(1983)
Quest (Interactional)
Scale
Adds 3rd dimension to
religious orientation:
quest (degree to
which one’s religion
involves open-ended,
responsive dialogue
to existential
questions raised by
contradictions and
tragedies in life)
9- item scale version
6-item scale version
12-item scale version
Each rated on a 9-
point scale from 1
(strongly disagree) to
9 (strongly agree)
Batson (1976)
Batson & Ventis
(1982)
Batson & Schoenrade
(1991)
Christian Religious
Internalization Scale
(CRIS)
Degree of self-
determination for
Christian beliefs and
practices (could be
adapted for other
religions)
12-item measure
rated on a 4-point
scale from not at all
true to very true
Ryan, Rigby & King
(1993)
Religious Coping
Scale (RCOPE)
Methods of coping
with life situations
based on a Judeo-
Christian perspective
105 item scale
consists of 21
subscales with 5
items each, that asks
respondents to rate
the degree to which
various types of
religious coping were
involved in dealing
with a negative life
event on a 4-point
likert scale from not at
all to a great deal
Pargament, Koenig,
and Perez (2000)
Religious Support
Measure
Relationships
between perceived
religious support and
life satisfaction and
religious attendance
Assesses three
factors: God support,
congregational
support, and church
leader support
Fiala, Bjorck, and
Gorsuch (2002)
Spiritual History Scale
(SHS-4)
Spiritual and religious
practices and
attributions over the
lifespan
23 item, four
dimensional
retrospective
summary
Hays, Meador, Branch
& George, (2001)
Spirituality Scale (SS) spirituality from an
Afro-cultural
perspective
20 item measure
rated on a 6 point
scale ranging from 1
(completely false) to 6
(completely true)
Jagers & Smith (1996)

Daily Spiritual
Experience Scale
Ordinary experiences
of spirituality; awe, joy
that lifts one up, deep
inner peace, gratitude,
and love
16 item measure with
6 responses ranging
from never or almost
never to many times a
day
Underwood & Teresi
(2002)
Brown-Peterson
Recovery Index (B-
PRPI)
Spirituality in
members of
Alcoholics
Anonymous (AA)
53 item instrument
rated on a 5 point
scale from 0 (no or
never) to 4 (yes, daily,
or always)
Brown & Peterson
(1991)
Spiritual Competency
Scale (SCS)
Competency to
counsel on spiritual
and religious issues
28 item, six factor
instrument with seven
response format.
Robertson (2008).

Selected Instruments for the Qualitative Measure of Spirituality and Religion
Measured
Brief Description
of the Instrument
Citation
Spiritual Narrative Awareness of the
Holy, providence,
faith, grace or
gratefulness,
repentance,
communion, and
sense of vocation
Provides an
understanding of the
client’s spiritual
narrative in relation to
7 Christian themes
Pruyser (1976)
Spiritual Histories
Spiritual Life Maps
Spiritual Genograms
Spiritual Ecomaps
Spiritual Ecograms
Explore spiritual &
religious themes,
significant life events,
spiritual journeys,
intergenerational
patterns, spiritual
strengths &
relationships
Utilize existing
frameworks of
systemic
assessments with a
focus on spirituality
Hodge (2005)
Spiritual Dimensions Beliefs and meaning;
vocation and
consequences;
experiences and
emotions; courage
and growth; ritual and
practice; community;
and authority and
guidance
Offers guidelines for
assessing 7 spiritual
dimensions in two
subdivisions;
holistically and
explicitly spiritual; and
can be utilized with a
wide variety of faith
traditions.
Fitchett (1993)
Spiritual Quest Form
(SQF)
Seeks to understand
the client’s process
toward spiritual
growth and
development
10-item sentence
completion task
followed by an in-
depth dialog that
produces a narrative
Nino(1997)
Experience Based
Spiritual Development
Scale (EBSDS)
Scourge, Emerge,
Purge, Diverge,
Resurge, Converge,
and Merge
Identifies seven
stages of spiritual
realization
Sandhu and Asrabadi
(2003)
Sandhu (2007)
Faith Development Intuitive-Projective
Faith, Mythical-Literal
Faith, Synthetic-
Conventional Faith,
Individuative-
Reflective Faith,
Conjunctive Faith, and
Universalizing Faith
Assesses stages of
faith development
thorough the use of
Faith Interviews
James Fowler (1981)

The Spiritual Lifemap

The Spiritual Lifemap
Spiritual lifemaps are a graphic representation of a verbal spiritual history – they note the client’s
spiritual journey with pictures along a lifeline. “Much like roadmaps, spiritual lifemaps tell us
where we have come from, where we are now, and where we are going” (Hodge, 2005, p. 344).
Uses:
A spiritual lifemap can be used with individuals, couples, and families. If it is used with couples
or families, each individual can construct his/her own lifemap or the couple/family can jointly
construct a single lifemap representing their shared spiritual story.
Materials:
1. Drawing implements – crayons, markers, colored pencils, chalk, paints (oil, watercolor,
acrylic, tempura), paint brushes, etc.
2. Paper – large pieces of paper (e.g., 11" x 18" or 24" x 36") work best
3. Other – stickers, stencils, construction paper, rulers, magazines, scissors, glue sticks, etc.
Directions:
1. In this exercise, you will depict those spiritually significant events that represent your
spiritual journey on a path, a roadway, or a single line.
2. Using hand-drawn symbols, cut-out pictures, stickers, and so on, mark the key events along
your journey (e.g., birth, death, loss of a job, spiritual crisis, spiritual encounter, etc.).
3. Indicate on your lifemap the various trials you have faced along with the spiritual resources
you have used to overcome those trials. You may want to depict hills, bumps and potholes,
rain, clouds, lightning, and so on, to portray difficult life situations. Feel free to use words
that you write or cut out of magazines to highlight these events.
4. Indicate your age at the various spiritual milestones along your journey, both those that were
difficult and those that were positive.
5. Somewhere on the lifemap, indicate three spiritual strengths that you have developed while
on your journey.
Processing:
1. Present your spiritual lifemap to the group (or to the counselor) – share the symbols you
used, why you chose what you did to represent various events, and what your journey has
been like for you.
2. What patterns do you notice?
3. Who have been the significant figures along your spiritual journey (both human and
transcendent)?
4. What strengths emerged from your lifemap?
5. What are some successful strategies that you have used in the past that can suggest
options for overcoming some of your present struggles?
6. What was this process like for you?

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