Chapter 21

Chapter Menu Hydrocarbons Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 21.2 Alkanes Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Section 21.4 Hydrocarbon Isomers Section 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exit Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides.

Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons ,[object Object],microorganism: a tiny organism, such as a bacterium or a protozoan, that cannot be seen without a microscope ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons (cont.) organic compound hydrocarbon saturated hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons are carbon-containing organic compounds that provide a source of energy and raw materials. unsaturated hydrocarbon fractional distillation cracking

Section 21-1 Organic Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-1 Organic Compounds (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-1 Hydrocarbons ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-1 Hydrocarbons (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons (cont.)

Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-1 Refining Hydrocarbons (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Assessment Petroleum is separated into usable parts by boiling and condensing each component in a process called ____. A. cracking B. fractional distillation C. saturation D. bonding

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-1 Section 21.1 Assessment What is a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds called? A. unsaturated B. organic C. saturated D. fully bonded

Section 21-2 Section 21.2 Alkanes ,[object Object],IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry): an international group that aids communication between chemists by setting rules and standards in areas such as chemical nomenclature, terminology, and standardized methods ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Section 21.2 Alkanes (cont.) alkane homologous series parent chain substituent group cyclic hydrocarbon cycloalkane Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.

Section 21-2 Straight-Chain Alkanes ,[object Object]

Section 21-2 Straight-Chain Alkanes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Straight-Chain Alkanes (cont.)

Section 21-2 Branched-Chain Alkanes ,[object Object]

Section 21-2 Branched-Chain Alkanes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Branched-Chain Alkanes (cont.)

Section 21-2 Branched-Chain Alkanes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Branched-Chain Alkanes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Cycloalkanes ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Cycloalkanes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Properties of Alkanes ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Properties of Alkanes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-2 Properties of Alkanes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-2 Section 21.2 Assessment What is a cyclic alkane with no substituents groups and 6 carbon atoms? A. heptane B. cycloheptane C. cyclohexane D. cyclobutane

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-2 Section 21.2 Assessment Alkanes contain how many double bonds? A. greater than 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0

Section 21-3 Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes ,[object Object],hormone: chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it causes a physiological change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-3 Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes (cont.) alkene alkyne Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond, and alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond.

Section 21-3 Alkenes ,[object Object]

Section 21-3 Alkenes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-3 Alkenes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-3 Alkenes (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-3 Alkynes ,[object Object]

Section 21-3 Alkynes (cont.) ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-3 Section 21.3 Assessment Which of the following is generally the most reactive? A. cycloalkanes B. alkanes C. alkenes D. alkynes

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-3 Section 21.3 Assessment What is the name of a straight-chain hydrocarbon with six carbon atoms and a triple bond between the second and third carbon atoms? A. 2-hexene B. 3-hexene C. 2-hexyne D. 3-hexyne

Section 21-4 Section 21.4 Hydrocarbon Isomers ,[object Object],electromagnetic radiation: transverse waves that carry energy through empty space ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-4 Section 21.4 Hydrocarbon Isomers (cont.) isomer structural isomer stereoisomer geometric isomer Some hydrocarbons have the same molecular formula but have different molecular structures. chirality asymmetric carbon optical isomer optical rotation

Section 21-4 Structural Isomers ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-4 Structural Isomers (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-4 Stereoisomers ,[object Object]

Section 21-4 Stereoisomers (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-4 Stereoisomers (cont.)

Section 21-4 Chirality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-4 Optical Isomers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-4 Optical Isomers (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-4 Optical Isomers (cont.) ,[object Object]

Section 21-4 Optical Isomers (cont.)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-4 Section 21.4 Assessment What are two molecules with the same formula but different structures called? A. isotopes B. chiral C. isomers D. asymmetric

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-4 Section 21.4 Assessment Which type of substances have the same physical and chemical properties but produce different optical rotations? A. isomers B. geometric isomers C. isotopes D. optical isomers

Section 21-5 Section 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,[object Object],hybrid orbitals: equivalent atomic orbitals that form during bonding by the rearrangement of valence electrons aromatic compound aliphatic compound ,[object Object],Aromatic hydrocarbons are unusually stable compounds with ring structures in which electrons are shared by many atoms.

Section 21-5 The Structure of Benzene ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-5 The Structure of Benzene (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-5 Aromatic Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 21-5 Aromatic Compounds (cont.) ,[object Object]

Section 21-5 Aromatic Compounds (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-5 Section 21.5 Assessment Aliphatic compounds were originally obtained from ____. A. fossil fuels B. animal fats C. plant oils D. minerals

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 21-5 Section 21.5 Assessment Which is NOT true of benzene? A. It is an aromatic compound. B. It has a flat hexagonal shape. C. The double bonds make it unstable. D. It has delocalized electrons.

Resources Menu Chemistry Online Study Guide Chapter Assessment Standardized Test Practice Image Bank Concepts in Motion

Study Guide 1 Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Study Guide 2 Section 21.2 Alkanes Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Study Guide 3 Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object]

Study Guide 4 Section 21.4 Hydrocarbon Isomers Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Study Guide 5 Section 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 1 Organic compounds must contain which elements? A. carbon B. oxygen C. hydrogen D. nitrogen

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 2 Cyclohexane contains how many hydrogen atoms? A. 6 B. 12 C. 14 D. 20

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 3 Which of the following has the greatest reactivity? A. benzene B. hexane C. hexene D. hexyne

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 4 A carbon bonded to four different groups is ____. A. cyclic B. aromatic C. asymmetric D. left-handed

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 5 Where were aromatic compounds originally obtained from? A. fossil fuels B. plant oils, plant parts, and spices C. animal fats D. minerals

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 1 Molecules that have the same formula and the atoms are bonded in the same order but are arranged differently in space, and have different properties are ____. A. structural isomers B. geometric isomers C. optical isomer D. sterioisotopes

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 2 If n is the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon, what is the general formula of a cyclic alkane? A. C n H n+2 B. C n H 2n+2 C. C n H n D. C n H 2n

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 3 Which does NOT describe what happens as a liquid freezes? A. The temperature of the system is increased. B. Energy is released by the system. C. The liquid is entering the solid phase. D. The molecules begin to form a lattice.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 4 What is a series of compounds that differ from one another by a repeating unit called? A. heterogeneous series B. homologous series C. straight-chain series D. branched-chain series

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 5 What structural characteristic do all aromatic compounds share? A. They are composed of cyclohexane. B. They have a triple bond. C. They contain a benzene ring. D. They contain a cyclic alkane.

IB Menu Click on an image to enlarge.

CIM Table 21.5 Examples of Alkenes Table 21.6 Examples of Alkynes Figure 21.17 Isomers of Pentane Figure 21.25 Sigma- and Pi-bonding in Benzene

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Chapter 21

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Chapter 21