Electric Fences with Automated Monitoring System
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This document provides instructions for building an electric fence controller circuit. It begins with a safety warning about working with hazardous materials. It then describes the main components of the circuit, including a microcontroller that generates electric pulses and controls alarms. Instructions are provided for connecting the various components, calibrating the system, and testing voltages. Safety precautions for high voltages are also listed.
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Electric Fences with Automated Monitoring System
- 1. DILSHAN R JAYAKODY (jayakody2000lk@gmail.com) Colombo, Sri Lanka WARNING This article deals with and involves subject matter and the use of materials and substances that may be hazardous to health and life. Do not attempt to implement or use the information contained herein unless you are experienced and skilled with respect to such subject matter, materials and substances. Neither the publisher nor the author makes any representations as for the completeness or the accuracy of the information contained herein and disclaim any liability for damages or injuries, whether caused by arising from the lack of completeness, inaccuracies of the information, misinterpretation of the directions, misapplication of the information or otherwise. Electric Fences are designed to create an electrical circuit when touched by person (or animal). The circuit proposed in this article releases 10kV electrical pulses to the fence‐line and monitor the line status. This entire system is design to drive using 25V (5A) single‐rail DC power source (using 5A power supply unit or pair of 12.6V Lead‐ Acid batteries) . Main controller of this system is Microchip PIC12F675 – 8bit microcontroller. All the line monitoring, pulse generation and alarm system controlling is performed by this microcontroller. Some of the notable features of this project are, Support for wide range of operating voltage (15V – 25V DC) Built‐in audible alarm system 230V peripheral interface section (followed by the audible alarm system) Progress indicators Line feedback and alarm status indicators Contactless line monitoring system Support for wide range of step‐up transformers (up to maximum of 10kV) Compact controller PCB (10cm × 10cm) All the software and firmware programs are distribute under the terms of All the schematics, PCB designs and other documents are distribute under the terms of ‐ 1 ‐ This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
- 2. DC Power supply input terminals Progress indicators and feedback indicator Connectors to the step‐up transformer Test Point A Test Point B Probe terminal 230V peripheral interface terminals GND (test) terminal Speaker connector Alarm reset switch Probe limit Setup control Alarm status indicator Alarm audio output level controller Fig. 1.1 - Controls and terminals of Electric Fence Controller PCB alarm and peripheral interface terminals) System Controls and Terminals As reference to Fig. 1.1, here are the list of controls Alarm status indicator: Indicator to show the alarm status. and terminal descriptions of Electric Fence Controller PCB, Progress indicators and feedback indicators: Progress indicator is used to display the active time of the electric fence line(s). This indicator starts when the fence line(s) get electrify. DC Power supply input terminals: Attach 15 ‐ 25V DC (5A) power source to this terminal. (24V is recommended) Step‐up transformer connectors: Connect step‐ Fig. 1.2 - Transformer and fence line connectivity up transformer’s primary winding to these terminals. (refer the TRANS1 and TRANS2 Probe limit setup control: Use this variable terminals of fig. 1.2) resistor to control the triggering limit of the 230V Peripheral interface terminals: Connect the probe sensor. 230V (or less) peripheral to these terminals. This Alarm audio output level controller: Use this line got activated when the alarm system get triggered. potentiometer to control the audio output level (volume) of the alarm. Alarm reset switch: Press this push button to reset the entire alarm system. (including audible ‐ 2 ‐ Speaker Connector: Attach 4Ω or 8Ω (1W) speaker to this terminal.
- 3. Probe terminal: Attach 4cm ‐ 8cm 13 S.W.G ‐ 12 we test this system successfully with 100m long S.W.G copper wire to this terminal. Do not galvanized fence wire. connect the probe wire to the high voltage fence line(s). When installing the probe wire try to install it with minimum length as possible. If the High voltage safety Most of the parts of this project contains high voltage. AC or DC, more than 500V is consider as high voltage. There fore, experimenters must take extra Wire loop precautions to avoid painful shocks and possible electrocution. Here are some points which user/ Fence wire designer must consider while implementing, installing and testing this system, Install several “High Voltage” labels in HV wires, transformer, etc. Keep children, pets, and Probe wire (J3) curiosity seekers away from the apparatus. Cover all bare leads, wires, connection terminals, and possible points of contact with suitable Fig. 1.3 - Probe attachment to the fence wire (not to the scale) insulator. probe attachment is too noisy, increase the value Use neon lamps to check the high voltage lines. Do not connect multimeters, oscilloscopes and of the R12 variable resistor. Some recommended other precision test instruments to the high probe design is illustrated in fig. 1.3. voltage lines. Always pull the plug of power supply unit when System construction and installation working on a high voltage circuit unless you must Attached PCB design of “Electric Fence” system use test it. standard through‐hole components and SMD Work in a dry location. Locate your apparatus components. When soldering the PCB it is highly away from appliances, metal doors and windows recommended to place all the wire‐links (jumpers) sinks, water‐pipes, etc. All the above items can first. Most of the resistors and transistors are in SMD become a deadly ground if your body comes packaging. It is recommended to solder all these SMD between them and high voltage. parts at the final stages of soldering. When installing the heat‐sink place suitable insulators to Q1 (TIP122), IC6(7805TV) and IC7(7812TV). Q3 and Q2 (IRFZ44) can be directly connected to the heat‐ sink. When installing the transformer connect one of it’s output terminal to ground (neutral) and remaining pin (live) to the fence wire(s). Recommended materials for this earth electrode(s) are copper or galvanized steel. This earth electrode should drive at least 1.5m into the ground. At the prototyping stages Fig. 1.4 - Electric Fence controller with transformer ‐ 3 ‐
- 4. System calibration and testing Majority of the components in this project are fixed values and user need to calibrate only the few IC1 controllers. IC Use R12 variable resistor to control the probe triggering limit. If your sensor probe is too noisy increase the value of R12 variable resistor to 100kΩ IC2 IC3 or 200kΩ. IC4 IC5 Pins 1 8 (GND) 4 (GND) 8 1 (GND) 8 1 6 (GND) 8 (GND) 16 Voltage 4.5V ‐ 5.2V 4.5V ‐ 5.2V 4.5V ‐ 5.2V 9.5V ‐ 12.3V 4.5V ‐ 5.2V Table 1.1 - Supply voltages to the selected ICs on the system with step‐up transformer and probe. Using Hi voltage voltmeter check voltages of the fence lines. Fence wiring system Electric fence wires can be arrange into two designs. Fig. 1.5 - Test point waveforms and voltages. Channel 1 : Test Point A & Channel 2 : Test Point B 1. Single electrified wire 2. Using multiple electrified wires To calibrate the transformer oscillation frequency change the values of C2 and C3 capacitors. Core Both these methods had special applications, oscillation frequency of this system can be monitor advantages and disadvantages. Single electrified through the Test Point A (TP1). wiring is suitable for animals. This wiring is not Use Test Point B (TP2) to monitor the primary oscillation of the audible alarm. When taking the voltage measurements (of the control board), it is highly advisable to remove step‐ up transformer from the system. Sometimes back E.M.F of the high voltage transformer may permanently damage your sensitive testing instruments. After soldering the control board it is highly suitable for vermin control. Multiple electrified wiring is good for vermin control and dry areas. One of advantage of multiple wired fence is it can be extend up to 500m‐1000m. In the single wire fence it is impossible to send electrical impulse through more than 1000m of soil. For fence wiring use galvanized wires. If the length of the fence is less than 300m, use poly wires or poly tapes. recommended to test supply voltages to IC1, IC2, IC3, IC4 and IC5. Expected supply voltages to those ICs are listed in table 1.1. When taking these supply voltages disconnect the step‐up transformer from the main board. If all the voltage readings are correct attach IC1, IC2, IC3, IC4 and IC5 to the IC sockets and power ‐ 4 ‐
- 6. Q1, Q2, Q3, Q5 : HEAT SINK REQ. IC6, IC7 : HEAT SINK REQ. T2 820R MMBT3904 2 +24V 1 J2 GND GND GND GND R24 GND GND GND GND +12V 1 T5 2SD400 R23 2 GND GND DIS VO +12V 3 C13 2 GND 2 82114A OUT VI GND 0.33MFD GND 0.1MFD GND GND 1 TRI 0.1MFD GND IC7 7812TV C11 L2 GND CON 2 3.3MFD/16V 1K NE555 C5 C6 T1 LEVEL 10MFD/16V GND IC4 15K 1 C 4 8 +5V VP 2 GND 10K LOG VR1 R22 IN OUT1 GND 1 5 3 T2 5 3 C7 GND1 6 10MFD/25VC8 GND2 OUT2 C9 8 0.001MFD GND 0.1MFD R21 T4 MMBT3904 C12 0.33MFD 1 Q5 +12V 2SC3611 3 GND GND J6 +5V VO VI C10 TP2 GND DM1 GND AL-009SS IC6 7805TV 1 15K C4 GND RLE1 SYSTEK12 7 68K R20 /RES VCC+ TRE GND 6 C14 J7 1N5402 D2 DC_IN J8 1000MFD/50V IC3 +24V GND GND GND DC 24V (3A) IN 330K R16 C393N TP2: ALARM PRIM OSC. TP3: GND 2 330K 7 6 0.01 +5V +5V R15 BL01RN1A L1 22K R13 1K 12K M R11 GND R19 R17 IC2B 5 R14 TDA7052 SPK (4R) 1W R18 330K A GND 10K +5V ACIN R10 C393N C 100K 330R 2 J4 J5 +5V 3 1 ACIN ACIN Q4 BC557 IC2A 3 12 TP1: OSC. CAL. 2 1 22K RLE1 230V CONTROL TERMINALS J3 R9 R12 47K LIN +5V +5V PROBE PROBE GAIN CO HEF4017N GND T3 MMBT3904 RES 15 3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 CLK 13 U57X32 D1 R2 ENA 14 TRNS2 68K TP3 TRANSFORMER IN 4.7K R8 IC5 + +5V R5 47K Q1 TIP122 T1 MMBT3904 PIC12F675P GND Q3 IRFZ44 330R RESET 22K S1 R1 2 8 7 6 5 3 TP1 TRNS1 Q2 IRFZ44 3 4 3 C3 VCC GP3/MCLR GP0/AN0 VREF/GP1/AN1 GP2/AN2 GP4/AN3 GP5/CLKIN GND GND 2 1 C2 IC1 1 4 0.0033MFD 0.0033MFD R7 +5V 4.7K +5V R4 47K R3 0.1MFD 22K GND R6 C1 EMIF100V FIT1 +5V +5V +5V J1