SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 15
Monetary Policy
Importance of Monetary Policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monetary Policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monetary Policy and Money Supply ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Measures of Money Stock Reserve Bank of India employs FOUR measures of money stock, namely M1, M2, M3, M4 M1  : The measure of money stock designed by M1 is usually described as the money supply. The components of money supply are currency with the public(i.e., notes n circulation, circulation of rupee coins and circulation of small coins) and deposits(demand deposits with banks and other deposits with the RBI). M2 :  M2 is M1 + Post Office Savings Bank Deposits. M3 :  M3 is M1 + Time Deposits with the banks. In other words, M3 is  money supply plus fixed deposits with the banks. M3 is usually referred to as aggregate monetary resources. M4 :  M4 is M3 plus the total Post Office Deposits.
Instruments of Monetary Policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Credit Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bank Rate Policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bank Rate Policy(Contd
) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Open Market Operations. ,[object Object],[object Object]
Variable Reserve Ratios ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Statutory Liquidity Requirement ,[object Object]
Selective Credit Regulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thank You!
Monetary Policy and Money Supply ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Weitere Àhnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
Daksh Bapna
 
Monetary & fiscal policy
Monetary & fiscal policyMonetary & fiscal policy
Monetary & fiscal policy
Mahfooz Ali Khan
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
Kafeel Sarwar
 
The+money+supply
The+money+supplyThe+money+supply
The+money+supply
videoaakash15
 
Theories of trade cycle
Theories of trade cycle Theories of trade cycle
Theories of trade cycle
Ram Kumar
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Fiscal Policy
Fiscal PolicyFiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Demand for Money
Demand for MoneyDemand for Money
Demand for Money
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary policy Presentations
Monetary policy PresentationsMonetary policy Presentations
Monetary policy Presentations
 
Monetary & fiscal policies
Monetary & fiscal policiesMonetary & fiscal policies
Monetary & fiscal policies
 
Chapter 24 monetary policy theory
Chapter 24 monetary policy theoryChapter 24 monetary policy theory
Chapter 24 monetary policy theory
 
Monetary & fiscal policy
Monetary & fiscal policyMonetary & fiscal policy
Monetary & fiscal policy
 
Monetary policy of india
Monetary policy of indiaMonetary policy of india
Monetary policy of india
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary Policy
Monetary PolicyMonetary Policy
Monetary Policy
 
The+money+supply
The+money+supplyThe+money+supply
The+money+supply
 
Fiscal policy and monetary policy
Fiscal policy and monetary policyFiscal policy and monetary policy
Fiscal policy and monetary policy
 
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary PolicyTransmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy
 
Tools of monetary policy
Tools of monetary policyTools of monetary policy
Tools of monetary policy
 
Theories of trade cycle
Theories of trade cycle Theories of trade cycle
Theories of trade cycle
 
Supply of money
Supply of money Supply of money
Supply of money
 
Monetary policy of RBl
Monetary policy of RBlMonetary policy of RBl
Monetary policy of RBl
 

Andere mochten auch

Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013
Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013
Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013
AJIT DHAR DUBEY
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
vikassingh_s
 
monetary policy
 monetary policy monetary policy
monetary policy
Diksha Garg
 
Ch21 mish11 embfm
Ch21 mish11 embfmCh21 mish11 embfm
Ch21 mish11 embfm
Rob Sears
 
20120930 mankiw economics chapter34
20120930 mankiw economics chapter3420120930 mankiw economics chapter34
20120930 mankiw economics chapter34
FEDäș‹ć‹™ć±€
 
Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14
Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14
Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14
Jawad Ahmed
 
Monetary policy AND TYPES
Monetary policy AND TYPESMonetary policy AND TYPES
Monetary policy AND TYPES
Muhammad Asad
 
Monetary policy ppt
Monetary policy pptMonetary policy ppt
Monetary policy ppt
Kuldeep Yadav
 
Monetary and fiscal policy of india
Monetary and fiscal policy of indiaMonetary and fiscal policy of india
Monetary and fiscal policy of india
Bharathi Raj
 
Monetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.pptMonetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.ppt
Agnes Stephanie
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013
Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013
Etp econ lecture note 34 winter 2013
 
Altus Economics Lesson 8
Altus Economics Lesson 8Altus Economics Lesson 8
Altus Economics Lesson 8
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary policy and islamic banking
Monetary policy and islamic bankingMonetary policy and islamic banking
Monetary policy and islamic banking
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
monetary policy
 monetary policy monetary policy
monetary policy
 
Ch21 mish11 embfm
Ch21 mish11 embfmCh21 mish11 embfm
Ch21 mish11 embfm
 
20120930 mankiw economics chapter34
20120930 mankiw economics chapter3420120930 mankiw economics chapter34
20120930 mankiw economics chapter34
 
Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14
Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14
Monetary Policy Of Pakistan 2013-14
 
C# and vb
C# and vbC# and vb
C# and vb
 
Monetary policy of RBI
Monetary policy of RBI Monetary policy of RBI
Monetary policy of RBI
 
Monetary policy AND TYPES
Monetary policy AND TYPESMonetary policy AND TYPES
Monetary policy AND TYPES
 
Monetary policy ppt
Monetary policy pptMonetary policy ppt
Monetary policy ppt
 
Monetary policy (theoritical)
Monetary policy (theoritical)Monetary policy (theoritical)
Monetary policy (theoritical)
 
How to Protect Your Business
How to Protect Your BusinessHow to Protect Your Business
How to Protect Your Business
 
Public Policy
Public PolicyPublic Policy
Public Policy
 
Monetary and fiscal policy of india
Monetary and fiscal policy of indiaMonetary and fiscal policy of india
Monetary and fiscal policy of india
 
Monetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.pptMonetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.ppt
 
Ch 35 monetary fiscal aggregate demand
Ch 35 monetary fiscal aggregate demandCh 35 monetary fiscal aggregate demand
Ch 35 monetary fiscal aggregate demand
 
Monetarypolicy 140220113016-phpapp02
Monetarypolicy 140220113016-phpapp02Monetarypolicy 140220113016-phpapp02
Monetarypolicy 140220113016-phpapp02
 

Ähnlich wie Monetary Policy

Monetary policy
 Monetary policy Monetary policy
Monetary policy
Jayat Rathore
 
10 monetary & fiscal policy2
10 monetary & fiscal policy210 monetary & fiscal policy2
10 monetary & fiscal policy2
domsr
 
Broader role for monetary policy
Broader role for monetary policyBroader role for monetary policy
Broader role for monetary policy
SUDARSHAN KUMAR PATEL
 

Ähnlich wie Monetary Policy (20)

IMPORTANCE OF MONETARY POLICY by bhawna bhardwaj.pptx
IMPORTANCE OF MONETARY POLICY by bhawna bhardwaj.pptxIMPORTANCE OF MONETARY POLICY by bhawna bhardwaj.pptx
IMPORTANCE OF MONETARY POLICY by bhawna bhardwaj.pptx
 
monetarty policy
monetarty policymonetarty policy
monetarty policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary policy
 Monetary policy Monetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Fiscal and monetary policy
Fiscal and monetary policyFiscal and monetary policy
Fiscal and monetary policy
 
Chapter 8 mac.pptx
Chapter 8 mac.pptxChapter 8 mac.pptx
Chapter 8 mac.pptx
 
740 monetary policy
740 monetary policy740 monetary policy
740 monetary policy
 
What Is Monetary Policy?: Unlock The 2 Important Types Of It Compare Closing LLC
What Is Monetary Policy?: Unlock The 2 Important Types Of It Compare Closing LLCWhat Is Monetary Policy?: Unlock The 2 Important Types Of It Compare Closing LLC
What Is Monetary Policy?: Unlock The 2 Important Types Of It Compare Closing LLC
 
Monetory policy
Monetory policyMonetory policy
Monetory policy
 
financial institute and market
financial institute and marketfinancial institute and market
financial institute and market
 
Monetary policy and fiscal policy
Monetary policy and fiscal policy Monetary policy and fiscal policy
Monetary policy and fiscal policy
 
ECONOMIC TRENDS, Monetary policy of India,
ECONOMIC TRENDS, Monetary policy of India, ECONOMIC TRENDS, Monetary policy of India,
ECONOMIC TRENDS, Monetary policy of India,
 
Report on Monetary Policies & its transmission mechanism
Report on Monetary Policies & its transmission mechanismReport on Monetary Policies & its transmission mechanism
Report on Monetary Policies & its transmission mechanism
 
10 monetary & fiscal policy2
10 monetary & fiscal policy210 monetary & fiscal policy2
10 monetary & fiscal policy2
 
Broader role for monetary policy
Broader role for monetary policyBroader role for monetary policy
Broader role for monetary policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Central banks
Central banksCentral banks
Central banks
 
Conduct of Monetary Policy.ppt
Conduct of Monetary Policy.pptConduct of Monetary Policy.ppt
Conduct of Monetary Policy.ppt
 
ROLE OF MONETARY POLICY IN INDIA
ROLE OF MONETARY POLICY IN INDIAROLE OF MONETARY POLICY IN INDIA
ROLE OF MONETARY POLICY IN INDIA
 
m&b presentation .pptx
m&b presentation .pptxm&b presentation .pptx
m&b presentation .pptx
 

Mehr von itsvineeth209

Green Marketing
Green MarketingGreen Marketing
Green Marketing
itsvineeth209
 
Evolution,Drivers Of Indian Retail
Evolution,Drivers Of Indian RetailEvolution,Drivers Of Indian Retail
Evolution,Drivers Of Indian Retail
itsvineeth209
 
Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09
Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09
Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09
itsvineeth209
 
Indian Retail Sector
Indian Retail SectorIndian Retail Sector
Indian Retail Sector
itsvineeth209
 
Sampling Design
Sampling DesignSampling Design
Sampling Design
itsvineeth209
 
Sampling Design
Sampling DesignSampling Design
Sampling Design
itsvineeth209
 
Rm 10 Report Writing 2
Rm   10   Report Writing 2Rm   10   Report Writing 2
Rm 10 Report Writing 2
itsvineeth209
 
Rm 6 Sampling Design
Rm   6   Sampling DesignRm   6   Sampling Design
Rm 6 Sampling Design
itsvineeth209
 
Rm 1 Intro Types Research Process
Rm   1   Intro Types   Research ProcessRm   1   Intro Types   Research Process
Rm 1 Intro Types Research Process
itsvineeth209
 
Rm 5 Methods Of Data Collection
Rm   5   Methods Of Data CollectionRm   5   Methods Of Data Collection
Rm 5 Methods Of Data Collection
itsvineeth209
 
Rm 3 Hypothesis
Rm   3   HypothesisRm   3   Hypothesis
Rm 3 Hypothesis
itsvineeth209
 
Research Design
Research DesignResearch Design
Research Design
itsvineeth209
 
Rm 4 Research Design
Rm   4   Research DesignRm   4   Research Design
Rm 4 Research Design
itsvineeth209
 
Rm 2 Problem Identification
Rm   2   Problem IdentificationRm   2   Problem Identification
Rm 2 Problem Identification
itsvineeth209
 
Transportation Problem
Transportation ProblemTransportation Problem
Transportation Problem
itsvineeth209
 
Transportation Problem
Transportation ProblemTransportation Problem
Transportation Problem
itsvineeth209
 
Simplex Method
Simplex MethodSimplex Method
Simplex Method
itsvineeth209
 
Procedure Of Simplex Method
Procedure Of Simplex MethodProcedure Of Simplex Method
Procedure Of Simplex Method
itsvineeth209
 
North West Corner Rule
North   West Corner RuleNorth   West Corner Rule
North West Corner Rule
itsvineeth209
 

Mehr von itsvineeth209 (20)

Green Marketing
Green MarketingGreen Marketing
Green Marketing
 
Evolution,Drivers Of Indian Retail
Evolution,Drivers Of Indian RetailEvolution,Drivers Of Indian Retail
Evolution,Drivers Of Indian Retail
 
Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09
Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09
Intro To Tretailing 6.2.09
 
Indian Retail Sector
Indian Retail SectorIndian Retail Sector
Indian Retail Sector
 
Sampling Design
Sampling DesignSampling Design
Sampling Design
 
Sampling Design
Sampling DesignSampling Design
Sampling Design
 
Rm 10 Report Writing 2
Rm   10   Report Writing 2Rm   10   Report Writing 2
Rm 10 Report Writing 2
 
Rm 6 Sampling Design
Rm   6   Sampling DesignRm   6   Sampling Design
Rm 6 Sampling Design
 
Rm 1 Intro Types Research Process
Rm   1   Intro Types   Research ProcessRm   1   Intro Types   Research Process
Rm 1 Intro Types Research Process
 
Rm 5 Methods Of Data Collection
Rm   5   Methods Of Data CollectionRm   5   Methods Of Data Collection
Rm 5 Methods Of Data Collection
 
Rm 3 Hypothesis
Rm   3   HypothesisRm   3   Hypothesis
Rm 3 Hypothesis
 
Research Design
Research DesignResearch Design
Research Design
 
Rm 4 Research Design
Rm   4   Research DesignRm   4   Research Design
Rm 4 Research Design
 
Rm 2 Problem Identification
Rm   2   Problem IdentificationRm   2   Problem Identification
Rm 2 Problem Identification
 
Vam
VamVam
Vam
 
Transportation Problem
Transportation ProblemTransportation Problem
Transportation Problem
 
Transportation Problem
Transportation ProblemTransportation Problem
Transportation Problem
 
Simplex Method
Simplex MethodSimplex Method
Simplex Method
 
Procedure Of Simplex Method
Procedure Of Simplex MethodProcedure Of Simplex Method
Procedure Of Simplex Method
 
North West Corner Rule
North   West Corner RuleNorth   West Corner Rule
North West Corner Rule
 

KĂŒrzlich hochgeladen

Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...
amitlee9823
 
FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756
FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756
FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756
dollysharma2066
 
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usageInsurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Matteo Carbone
 
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
amitlee9823
 

KĂŒrzlich hochgeladen (20)

Falcon Invoice Discounting: The best investment platform in india for investors
Falcon Invoice Discounting: The best investment platform in india for investorsFalcon Invoice Discounting: The best investment platform in india for investors
Falcon Invoice Discounting: The best investment platform in india for investors
 
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors DataRSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
 
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A SALESMAN / WOMAN
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A  SALESMAN / WOMANA DAY IN THE LIFE OF A  SALESMAN / WOMAN
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A SALESMAN / WOMAN
 
Value Proposition canvas- Customer needs and pains
Value Proposition canvas- Customer needs and painsValue Proposition canvas- Customer needs and pains
Value Proposition canvas- Customer needs and pains
 
Falcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to Prosperity
Falcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to ProsperityFalcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to Prosperity
Falcon's Invoice Discounting: Your Path to Prosperity
 
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bang...
 
BAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❀CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❀CALL GIRL
BAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❀CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❀CALL GIRLBAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❀CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❀CALL GIRL
BAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❀CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❀CALL GIRL
 
Monthly Social Media Update April 2024 pptx.pptx
Monthly Social Media Update April 2024 pptx.pptxMonthly Social Media Update April 2024 pptx.pptx
Monthly Social Media Update April 2024 pptx.pptx
 
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 98765-12871 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 98765-12871 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ludhiana Just Call 98765-12871 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 98765-12871 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
 
FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756
FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756
FULL ENJOY Call Girls In Majnu Ka Tilla, Delhi Contact Us 8377877756
 
Eluru Call Girls Service ☎ 93326-06886 â€ïžâ€đŸ”„ Enjoy 24/7 Escort Service
Eluru Call Girls Service ☎ 93326-06886 â€ïžâ€đŸ”„ Enjoy 24/7 Escort ServiceEluru Call Girls Service ☎ 93326-06886 â€ïžâ€đŸ”„ Enjoy 24/7 Escort Service
Eluru Call Girls Service ☎ 93326-06886 â€ïžâ€đŸ”„ Enjoy 24/7 Escort Service
 
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with CultureOrganizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
 
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usageInsurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
 
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
 
It will be International Nurses' Day on 12 May
It will be International Nurses' Day on 12 MayIt will be International Nurses' Day on 12 May
It will be International Nurses' Day on 12 May
 
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdfDr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
 
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine ServiceCall Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
 
Business Model Canvas (BMC)- A new venture concept
Business Model Canvas (BMC)-  A new venture conceptBusiness Model Canvas (BMC)-  A new venture concept
Business Model Canvas (BMC)- A new venture concept
 
MONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRL
MONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRLMONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRL
MONA 98765-12871 CALL GIRLS IN LUDHIANA LUDHIANA CALL GIRL
 

Monetary Policy

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Measures of Money Stock Reserve Bank of India employs FOUR measures of money stock, namely M1, M2, M3, M4 M1 : The measure of money stock designed by M1 is usually described as the money supply. The components of money supply are currency with the public(i.e., notes n circulation, circulation of rupee coins and circulation of small coins) and deposits(demand deposits with banks and other deposits with the RBI). M2 : M2 is M1 + Post Office Savings Bank Deposits. M3 : M3 is M1 + Time Deposits with the banks. In other words, M3 is money supply plus fixed deposits with the banks. M3 is usually referred to as aggregate monetary resources. M4 : M4 is M3 plus the total Post Office Deposits.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 15.