1. International Journal of Electronics and Communication EngineeringAND COMMUNICATION0976 –
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS & Technology (IJECET), ISSN
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume& TECHNOLOGY (IJECET) © IAEME
ENGINEERING 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012),
ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), pp. 34-42 IJECET
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.5930 (Calculated by GISI) ©IAEME
www.jifactor.com
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DUAL E-SHAPED MICROSTRIP
PATCH ANTENNA FOR BANDWIDTH AND GAIN ENHANCEMENT
Amit Kumar Gupta1, R.K. Prasad3, Dr. D.K. Srivastava3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
1, 2
Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur, INDIA
3
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, INDIA
1
amit165k@gmail.com, 2rkp.sikarpur@gmail.com, 3dks1_biet@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
In this paper a dual E-shaped antenna is designed by cutting four notches in the rectangular
shaped microstrip antenna. The designed antenna structure is further simulated using IE3D
simulation software. The simulation result shows good enhancement in bandwidth and gain
which also shows that the designed antenna structure can work in four different frequency bands.
The simulated result is further compared to the measured result of the antenna. The comparison
shows that the result of the designed hardware of the antenna is in good agreement with the
simulated result.
KEYWORDS: Dual E-Shaped, FR4 material, Frequency bands, Microstrip patch antenna,
Notches, Probe feed
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is a basic need of this era, and as the technology is improving
day by day, the size of the devices used in the communication is reducing simultaneously.
Antenna is the base of any wireless communication system. Various antenna structures such as
parabolic reflector, yagi antenna, horn antenna etc. fulfill the requirement but as the device size
of wireless communication is reducing, the size of antenna should also be reduced and if any
small size antenna has 2D structure then it will be an added advantage.
Microstrip antenna having small size and 2D structures are widely used for it. Besides
small size and 2D structure microstrip antenna has some more advantages such as low
manufacturing cost, easy to manufacture etc. Though MSA has various advantages it has some
severe disadvantages also such as low bandwidth, low gain, low efficiency etc.
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2. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
Several researches are in progress to remove these disadvantages. Various patch shapes
such as rectangular, circular, triangular etc. are used in antenna design to enhance the bandwidth,
gain and efficiency of the antenna. Further cutting notches and slots in the patch to make
different patch shapes and moreover to increase the current path which in result improves the
bandwidth of the antenna [1-6]. Some other researches inculcates use of different dielectric
material and varying the thickness of the dielectric material which provides positive results
regarding improvement of bandwidth and gain. Further researchers used stacked antenna
configuration, antenna array, suspended ground plane, inverted antenna structure etc. to improve
the bandwidth and gain of the antenna structure [7]. New ideas are still being discovered and
used to enhance the antenna gain and bandwidth.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this paper, a simple rectangular microstrip antenna is considered and cutting four notches in
the rectangular patch to make it dual E shaped. The designed antenna structure is further
simulated over IE3D simulation software and the result is analyzed. Further hardware is designed
using FR4 material. The hardware so designed is tested using network analyzer and the tested
result is compared with the simulated one.
3. ANTENNA DESIGN
The base of dual E shaped antenna structure designed is a simple rectangular microstrip patch
antenna. The antenna structure is designed by cutting four notches in the rectangular microstrip
patch antenna. The designed antenna structure along with its dimensions is shown in fig. 1.
Fig.1 Design of Dual E shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Simulating the designed antenna structure over IE3D simulation software shows that the
designed antenna structure is suitable to operate in three different frequency bands and hence
making this antenna suitable for three different types of applications.
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3. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
The most important term to calculate the bandwidth of the antenna is the return loss
curve. The return loss curve is shown in fig. 2.
Fig.2 Return Loss Curve
Analyzing the curve and considering the -10 dB as the reference, it is observed that the antenna
is operating in three different frequency bands with bandwidths of 6.55%, 7.012% and 34.60%.
Calculation of the bandwidth
For frequency band 1
݂௟ଵ = 0.282‫݂ ,ݖܪܩ‬௛ଵ = 0.302‫,ݖܪܩ‬
݂௖ଵ = 0.292GHz
0.302 − 0.282
% ‫ݐ݀݅ݓ݀݊ܽܤ ݈ܽ݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎܨ‬ℎଵ = × 100 = ૟. ૡ૞%
0.292
Where: ݂௟ଵ = Lower Frequency for Frequency Band 1
݂௛ଵ = Higher Frequency for Frequency Band 1
݂௖ଵ = Centre Frequency for Frequency Band 1
For frequency band 2
݂௟ଶ = 1.409‫݂, ݖܪܩ‬௛ଶ = 1.511‫,ݖܪܩ‬
݂௖ଶ = 1.46GHz
1.306 − 1.272
% ‫ݐ݀݅ݓ݀݊ܽܤ ݈ܽ݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎܨ‬ℎଶ = × 100 = ૟. ૢૡ%
1.46
Where: ݂௟ଶ = Lower Frequency for Frequency Band 2
݂௛ଶ = Higher Frequency for Frequency Band 2
݂௖ଶ = Centre Frequency for Frequency Band 2
For frequency band 3
݂௟ଷ = 1.8751‫݂ ,ݖܪܩ‬௛ଷ = 2.7816‫,ݖܪܩ‬
݂௖ଷ = 2.328‫ݖܪܩ‬
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4. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
2.7816 − 1.8751
% ‫ݐ݀݅ݓ݀݊ܽܤ ݈ܽ݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎܨ‬ℎଷ = × 100 = ૜ૡ. ૢ૝%
2.328
Where: ݂௟ଷ = Lower Frequency for Frequency Band 3
݂௛ଷ = Higher Frequency for Frequency Band 3
݂௖ଷ = Centre Frequency for Frequency Band 3
These results show that the designed antenna structure is suitable to operate in three different
frequency bands.
Another very important term which effects the performance of the antenna and is related to the
antenna bandwidth is VSWR. Ideally, the VSWR should be below 2. The antenna will only
operate at the frequencies where the value of VSWR is less than 2. The VSWR curve of the
antenna structure is shown in fig. 3.
Fig. 3 VSWR Curve
Analyzing the VSWR curve shown in fig. 3 we can clearly observe that the VSWR is less than
two in the entire range where ever the return loss curve is less than -10 dB line.
Gain is an important parameter when the performance of any antenna is to analyze. The Gain Vs
Frequency curve is shown in fig. 4.
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5. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
Fig. 4 Total Field Gain Vs Frequency Curve
As depicted from the curve shown in fig.4, a very good amount of gain i.e. almost a gain of 6dBi
is obtained.
Another very important parameter related to gain, when antenna performance is to be considered
is the directivity. The Directivity Vs Frequency curve is shown in fig. 5.
Fig. 5 Total Field Directivity Vs Frequency Curve
As observed from the curve shown in fig. 5, the directivity of 6.67 dBi is obtained.
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6. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
Efficiency is a parameter to analyze how well any device can work. In antenna two types of
efficiencies are basically calculated i.e. antenna efficiency and radiation efficiency. The antenna
efficiency curve and radiation efficiency curve are shown in fig. 6 and fig. 7 respectively.
Fig. 6 Antenna Efficiency
Fig. 7 Radiation Efficiency
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7. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
Analyzing the curves shown in fig. 6 and fig. 7, it can be seen that the designed antenna structure has an
antenna efficiency of around 85% and radiation efficiency of around 95%.
5. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The hardware of the designed antenna structure is developed. The hardware of the antenna is shown in
fig. 8 and the parameters used in the designing are shown in table 1.
Fig. 8 Designed Hardware of Dual E Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna
Characteristic Values
Material Used FR4 Material [Glass Epoxy]
Dielectric Constant 4.20
Loss Tangent 0.0013
Thickness of The Material 1.60 mm
Table 1
The hardware is further tested over network analyzer and the obtained result is compared to that of the
tested one. The comparison of the tested and simulated result is shown in fig. 9.
(a) (b)
Fig. 9 Comparison between Simulated and Tested Result
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8. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
The comparison of the tested and simulated results shows that the antenna designed antenna is
comparable to that of the hardware implementation.
6. CONCLUSION
A dual E shaped antenna is designed and simulated over IE3D simulation software. The
simulated result shows that the designed antenna structure is suitable to operate in three
frequency bands with bandwidth of 6.85%, 6.98% and 38.94%. The antenna structure also
provides a gain of 5.82dBi and the antenna efficiency of 85%. Further hardware of the antenna is
implemented and tested using network analyzer. The comparison of the tested and simulated
result shows the result of the hardware implementation is comparable to that of the simulated
one.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department of M.M.M. Engineering College, Gorakhpur for providing the help to
carry out this study and work.
REFERENCES
[1] B.K. Ang and B.-K. Chung, “A Wideband E-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5–6 GHz
Wireless Communications”, Progress in Electromagnetic Research, PIER 75, p.p. 397–407,
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[2] M. Jamshidifar, J. Nourinia, Ch. Ghobadi, and F. Arazm, “Wideband Fractal Butterfly Patch
Antenna”, Iranian Journal Of Electrical And Computer Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, p.p. 134-
136, Summer-fall 2008.
[3] Vinod K. Singh, Zakir Ali, “Dual Band U-Shaped Microstrip Antenna for Wireless
Communication”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2(6),
p.p. 1623-1628, 2010.
[4] Ravi Kant, D.C.Dhubkarya, “Design and Analysis of H-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna”,
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, Vol. 10 Issue 6 (Ver. 1.0), p.p. 26-29,
November 2010.
[5] Mamdouh Gouda, Mohammed Y. M. Yousef, “A Novel Ultra Wide Band Yagi Microstrip
Antenna for Wireless Applications”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information
Technology, p.p. 28-34, 2005 - 2010 JATIT and LLS.
[6] L. Lolit Kumar Singh, Bhaskar Gupta, Partha P Sarkar, “Compact Circularly Polarized
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77-80, ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online), ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print) Oct. - Dec. 2011.
[7] Tiwari, H. Kartikeyan, M.V., “Design Studies Of Stacked U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna
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9. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
[9] Elangovan, G. and J. Rajapaul Perinbam, “Wideband E-Shaped Microstrip Antenna for
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AUTHORS
Amit Kumar Gupta has completed his B.Tech in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur in 2008.
Currently he is pursuing his M.Tech in Digital Systems from Madan Mohan
Malviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur. He has presented one paper in national
conference and published five papers in referred international journal. His main
areas of interest are Microstrip Patch Antenna, Wireless Sensor Network and
Mobile Ad-hoc Network.
Ram Krishna Prasad has completed his B.Tech in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from B.I.T Sindri, Dhanbad in 1980 and M.Tech in Electronic
Instrumentation from IT-BHU in 1982. Currently he is pursuing his PhD. from
IFTM University Moradabad. He is an Associate Professor in M. M. M.
Engineering College, Gorakhpur since 1983. He has published seven papers in
national and four papers in international journal. His main areas of interest are
Microstrip Patch Antenna and Communication Engineering.
Dr. D. K. Srivastava is a Reader in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and
Technology Jhansi, India. He has more than 14 years of experience in teaching,
research and administrative work. He is Ex Member IEEE. His current area of
research includes Microwaves and Optical communication. He has published
around twenty papers in referred international journals. He has also presented
more than thirty research articles in national and international conferences.
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