Building Science 1: Project 1 Nanyang

Building Science 1(ARC2413) | Case Study : Identifying
Innovative Passive Design Strategies
1
[nanyang NTU]
GREEN UNIVERSITY
Architect:
CPG Consultants Pte Ltd
Project:
Nanyang University, School
of Arts, Design & Media
Location:
81 Nanyang Drive, Level 3
Singapore 637458
Client:
Nanyang Technological
University
PropertyType:
University
Date Completed:
June 2006

ContentPage
2
No. Topic Pages
1 Introduction 3 - 5
2 Energy Saving Strategies 6 - 9
3 Water Saving Strategies 10 - 12
4 Temperature & Climate Data 13 - 15
5 Wind Direction Analysis 16- 17
6 Wind Analysis 18 - 20
7 Sun Path Analysis 21 - 22
8 Passive Design – Green Roof 23 - 28
9 Passive Design – Rainwater Harvesting System 29 - 32
10 Conclusion 33
11 Reference 34 - 36

Introduction
Nanyang University School of Art, Design and Media is located at 81 Nanyang
Drive, Level 3 Singapore 637458 (Cpgcorp.com.sg, 2014). This 19,000𝑚2
campus is
constructed by CPG Consultant Sdn Bhd. It costs 38 million Singapore dollars and
completed at June 2006 (Cpgcorp.com.sg, 2014).
It is functioned as a school that only provide undergraduate and post-graduate
studies for courses such as Architectural Design, Civil & Structural Engineering,
Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Quantity Surveying Services (Cpgcorp.com.sg,
2014).
It is awarded by USA School Construction News Awards on 2007 and recognized
as platinum class sustainable building by BCA green mark on 2010 (Cpgcorp.com.sg,
2014). The recognition of green mark will be examined again every three years to
maintain building sustainability.
3
Diagram 1.1: Site Plan

4
Image by :(Iam Architect, 2013)

5

Innovative Passive Design Strategies 6
EnergySavingStrategies
A. Elevator motor
NTU-ADM has applied the Mitsubishi VVVF inverter control panel for the
elevators. VVVF stands for “variable voltage and variable frequency”. According to the
official website of Mitsubishi, the design of the motor has been modified to increase its
motor efficiency. The design allow significant amount of magnetic field to be produced,
resulting in lower energy consumption and resources. By doing so, carbon dioxide
emission has been reduced. According to the chart below, the energy consumption of
VVVF system is lesser than a conventional AC-2 system by approximately 60%
(Mitsubishielectric.com, 2014).
Diagram 2.1 : Energy consumption of VVVF system to AC-2 System
(Mitsubishielectric.com, 2014)

B. Air conditioning system
Diagram 3.1 : Outdoor condensed unit
NTU-ADM has applied the environment friendly air conditioning system, City
Multi series. One condensed unit can be connected to 50 indoor units. This system only
required two copper pipes instead of 3 pipes, reduced the installation cost and simple
installation. The refrigerants are circulate through two small diameter refrigerant copper
pipes. This system has applied the intelligent VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) system which
controlling the variable speed compressor in the outdoor unit. Hence, the amount of
refrigerant flows from the outdoor unit according to the setting of each indoor unit. While the
outdoor unit employs the VRF system, each indoor units has employed LEV (Linear Expansion
Valve) to meet the cooling and heating needs (Mitsubishielectric.ca, 2014).
Each indoor unit can be personalized by applying this system. For example,
indoor units that facing to east and west direction require more cooling at certain period
compare to other units. This system is able to start and stop its operation due to the
requirement of each indoor unit. Hence, creating high ratio of cooling and heating demand. As
the result, it reduced the energy consumption of the building, remain high Coefficient of
Performance (COP) and Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) (Baymarsupply.com, 2014).

C. Motion Sensor
Motion sensor has been installed for all the toilets and corridors in NTU-
ADMN. It will automatically turn on if it senses occupancy in the certain area. If the area has
no occupancy, the lights will automatically turn off hence it is conventional and energy
saving technology (Sensor & Sensor, 2009).
Diagram 3.3 : Corridor of NTU-ADM
Diagram 3.2 : Section AA’ Motion Sensor

D. Energy saving light
Diagram 3.6 : Library Lighting
Florescent light is also an environment friendly material as it is free from
toxic chemicals like conventional light bulb. It is a recyclable material that will reduce the
carbon footprint of NTU-ADM (Beta-lighting.com, 2014).
Diagram 3.4 : Section AA’ Fluorescent Light
Diagram 3.7 : Corridor Lighting
Energy saving light has been used in the NTU-ADM building. NTU-ADM
has employed fluorescent lighting by BETA lighting due to few reasons. It has more
energy efficiency compare to conventional light bulb.
For a normal light bulb, 80% of energy is released as heat energy, only
20% of energy is used to operate, while fluorescent light bulb has approximately 80-90%
energy operation. As it release lesser heat energy, the surrounding temperature will not
raise as much as the conventional light bulb, hence the interior space can maintain in
suitable temperature easily (Beta-lighting.com, 2014).

A. Dual Flush Cistern System
NTU- ADM has applied the dual flash cistern system in toilet. Dual flush
toilets are high efficiency toilet. It consumes much less water per flush than ordinary toilets
do. Standard toilets flush by using water to siphon waste out of the toilet bowl
(Poolesplumbing.com, 2014).
Naturally, using water to push water involves a great deal of waste. However,
dual flush cisterns use a small amount of water to push waste into the trap way, which is
much wider on dual flush toilets than the standard variety, making it require less pressure to
remove waste effectively (Poolesplumbing.com, 2014) .
In addition to this water saving measure, dual flush toilets have a "half flush"
option that allows them to flush using only half as much water. This is specifically designed
for use with liquid waste, and prevents water from being used when it is not necessary
(Poolesplumbing.com, 2014).
Diagram 4.1 : Dual Flush Cistern System
WaterSavingStrategies

B. Self- closing tap
Self- closing tap has been mounted in the basin for all the toilets in NTU-
ADM. The main difference between self-closing tap and other tap is the fact that it turns
itself off after a set period of time. This is particularly useful in commercial situations
where water-saving is of the utmost importance. It also reduces the risk of people leaving
the tap on and flooding the area (Poolesplumbing.com, 2014).
Diagram 4.2 : Self-closing tap
Wastewater separation and treatment system have been installed in NTU-
ADM. Wastewater from the sewers flows through a pipe connection into the wastewater
separation system where the separation of solids present in the effluents and the
compaction and de-watering of the extracted solid take place. Then, the elimination of
gross solids processes take place. After the pre-treatment, the wastewater proceeds to
further treatment, whereas the de-watered solids are ready for disposal. After finish the
process, the water is again been used in any purposes (Uscentrifuge.com, 2014).
C. Wastewater separation and treatment system

D. Using Constructed Wetlands to Treat Wastewater
Diagram 4.3 : Wetland Treatment Diagram 4.4 : Green roof of NTU-ADM
Wetland is constructed to the green roof of NTU- ADM to treat the
wastewater. Constructed wetlands are purpose built wetlands which are specially
designed for the treatment of wastewater. Physical, chemical, and biological processes
combine in wetlands to remove contaminants from wastewater. These processes are
fundamental not only to designing wetland systems but to understanding the fate of
chemicals once they enter the wetland (Wetlandsystems.ie, 2014).
Wetlands are relatively inexpensive to install and can have low to zero
running costs and electricity requirements, as long as pumps are not needed. Ideally
gravity should bring the effluent down to a constructed wetland and then on to the
groundwater (Wetlandsystems.ie, 2014).

13
Singapore is located in the equatorial region and experience tropical climate.
Hence, the weather is hot and humid for the entire years. Singapore does not have summer
and winter season but rainy season and dry season. According to the macroclimate graphs,
the mean highest maximum temperature is 31 degree Celsius and mean average lowest
maximum temperature is 24.15 degree Celsius. The mean average temperature of Singapore
is 27.58 Celsius degree. The mean average rain precipitation for whole years are around
177.15mm and reach the highest on December, while the mean average humidity level is
around 83.90%.
The climate at a particular site can be quite difference from the climate data
that are published as being representative of an entire region. For example, Nanyang campus
are located at sub-urban place which are far away from the city. The surrounding conditions
are differ from the cities hence the data for microclimate has less accuracy to predict the
local climate data.
Temperature&ClimateData
Diagram 4.5 : NTU-ADM Entrance

14
Average Temperature (°C) - Singapore
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temperature (1929-2013)
Outdoor Mean Max Outdoor Mean Min
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Relative Humidity (%)
Mean Daily Max Mean Daily Min 24 hours Mean
Average Humidity (%) - Singapore
(App2.nea.gov.sg, 2014)

15
Average Rainfall (mm) - Singapore
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
Yearly Rainfall (1869-2013)
Mean Monthly Total (mm)

WindDirectionAnalysis
16
(December-March)
Data by:(App2.nea.gov.sg, 2014)

17
(June-September)
Wind analysis included general wind analysis and local wind analysis. The wind
pattern can be affected by reasons such as plant and the building at the surrounding. The wind
distribution is mainly from north-east and southwest direction. The wind direction is affected
by the monsoon seasons in Singapore. According to the graphs shown above, the winds are
originate from north-east direction from December to March while the winds are from south-
west direction from June to September.
Data by:(App2.nea.gov.sg, 2014)
WindDirectionAnalysis

Windbreaks are commonly used to protect outdoor areas, it can be fences or plants.
In this case, the windbreaks for Nanyang University school of art, design and media is the
plants and the building itself. There are approximately 40 plants has been planted and
arranged in two rows. The gap between the plants are arranged around 3.5m to avoid the
roots of plants intersecting and interrupt the growth of plants. Besides, the distance between
the plants will also affect the windbreak pattern. According to Heusch (1988), if the wind
velocity has been cut too much by very close planting, it will affect the surrounding
temperature rises. It would be better to regenerate a stand of approximately 40 adult trees to
cut the wind-speed more frequently. This strategies has been applied by the project. The
effect of windbreaker influences by height of the plants, distances of plants to the center of
Façade and windbreak lengths. The windbreak pattern is shown as in the diagram below.
18
WindAnalysis
Diagram 5.1 : Wind breaker pattern on Plan

19
WindAnalysis
Point A Before the wind reaches the plants, it slows down and builds pressure, and
turns upwards and sideways.
Point B It passes the obstacle (plants), it increases its speed, and reduced pressure
results at the sides of and behind obstacles.
Point C The wind experiences increased pressure again and slow downs.
Point D The air pressure is lower hence the air velocity is higher.
In conclusion, wind ultimately returns to its original flow pattern after encountering
an obstacle such as a plants and buildings. These pressure differences, flow patterns, and
the size and shape of the wind-protected areas behind the plants are important to control
the air motion, inside and outside of the building.
Diagram 5.2 : Wind breaker pattern on Section BB’
A
B
C
D
Natural Ventilation (Shaded)
Diagram 5.3 : Trees surrounding NTU-ADM’
Building (Air-Conditioned)

20
The Nanyang University School of Art, Design and Media’s facades are
mostly glazed glass which may be a large disadvantage because of the large exposed
surface to the sunlight (Greensource.construction.com, 2014). Although the building will
have sufficient natural lighting for the internal spaces, the heat trapped indoor is also
higher compared to buildings that are shaded. The Venturi effect can help in introducing
wind movement into the building for natural ventilation and passive cooling.
The Venturi effect is used along with convection current to create air
movement in the building itself and decrease room temperature. Convection means the
transfer of heat by the movement of air. Thus, the warm air at the lower area will replace
the cold air at a higher area continuously and eventually creates an air movement in the
building. This process normally is usually slow and minimal therefore the Venturi effect
can help in accelerating the process.
The high pressure zone and low pressure zone can create an increased air
flow over the surfaces of the building which are the green roof and the glass façade.
Cooling down the surfaces reduces heat energy transmitted to the envelope which the
heat will be conducted to the air indoor. The flowing air that passes the envelope of the
building will also carry the warm air, which is ventilated from the interior of the building,
away to the atmosphere.
Venturi Effect on Nanyang NTU
Diagram 5.4 : Venturi Effect on Section BB’

SunPathDiagram
21
Diagram 6.1 : 9am
Diagram 6.2 : 12pm

22
Diagram 6.3 : 4pm
Diagram 6.4 : 6pm
Sun Path Diagram

PassiveDesign
Passive design included the consideration of thermal transfer in terms of convection,
conduction, evaporation, absorption and radiation in design to achieve thermal comfort
by manipulating natural surrounding. There are two important passive design have been
selected to be analyzed.
23
Approximately 7-8mm grass
15mm Growing Medium
EVALON waterproofing membrane
Concrete deck
Drainage/ Moisture Retention Layer
ZoysiaMatrella OphiopogonJaponicus
Diagram 7.1 : Passive Design on Section AA’
Section of Green roof(EVALON® Waterproofing Membranes, 2014)

24
Layer Function
Zoysia matrella -Also known as manila grass
-Dark green colour with fine leaves
-Low moving requirement
-Good wearing ability
-Able to grow in low light density surrounding
-Suitable to grow in both acidic and salt affected soils.
-Able to stablelize soils in erosion prone areas
-Low maintenance requirement hence saving cost.
(Turfsolutions.com.au, 2014)
Ophiopogon japonicus -Also known as mondo grass
-Dark green colour with fine leaves
-Able to grow in low light density surrounding
-Moderate growth rate
-Less maintance required
-Suitable in tropical climate
-Required sandy soil
-Able to reduces the growth of weeds
(Floridata.com, 2014)
Volcanic rock -Has highest density compare to other rock such as
arkalyte
-Has porosity due to the properties of volcanic rock
-Has high water holding capacity
-Decrease the total dead load of roof system
EVALON waterproofing
membrane
-Resistant to damaging radiation without protective
coating
-Fire and radiant heat resistant The fire load is five
times lower than that of built-up felt roof
-Good thernal and mechanical properties
-Low vapour diffusion resistance to remove moisutre
from the roof build-up all over the whole membrane
surface
-Resistant to root or rhizome penetration according to
FLL testing, thus can be applied on green roofs without
extra root protection layer
-Recyable
(Alwitra.de, 2014)
Table 1.1 : Layering of Green Roof

BenefitsofusingGreenRoofinNanyangNTU
During heavy or continuous rain, runoff can possibly damage waterways and rain
harvesting system (GRHC WEBSITE, 2014).
The growing media of the green roof which are the volcanic rocks and sand
together with the turf grass can hold water and this water will go into the rainwater
harvesting system to be reuse. Some of the water is returned to the atmosphere through
evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration) (GRHC WEBSITE, 2014). Storm water
that runoff the roof is much more delayed and reduced in volume. The green roof will filter
the storm water and makes the water cleaner than the water that runoff a conventional
roof (GRHC WEBSITE, 2014).
According to the data collected by researchers from Pennsylvania State University,
it indicates that green roofs able to capture up to 80% of rainfall compared to conventional
roof which only captured 24% of rainfall during rainy season.
25
Roof
Drained Water
Plant Medium
Roof
Drained Water
Green roof reduces water runoff from heavy rain
Diagram 7.2 : Green Roof Drainage(Greensource.construction.com, 2014)
Table 1.2 : Water Retention of Roofs(Nps.gov, 2014)

26
Diagram : With Green Roof
Diagram 7.3 : Without Green Roof
The green roof can lessen the rate of heat energy transfer through the roof, and
lesser amount of energy for cooling means greater cost savings. External shading of the
building envelope is proven to be more energy efficient than internal insulation (GRHC
WEBSITE, 2014).
During the day, the green roof protects the building from direct solar heat
increasing the heat energy transfer to the interior space (GRHC WEBSITE, 2014).
During the night, the green roof reduces the loss of heat energy due to the thick
layers. Thus, green roof is great in maintaining the temperature of the interior and
balancing the heat energy transfer (GRHC WEBSITE, 2014)Less usage of energy in the
building itself produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions.
Green roof is energy efficient

27
The air quality can be improved by using green roof. Nanyang University School of
Art, Design and Media is located at sub urban area, which is far away from the cities, hence
the rate of pollution is lower compare the buildings located in the cities. Besides that, the
massive green roof plays an important role in cleaning the air around the area. The turf
grass trap and hold dust particles in the air to reduce air pollution that is bad for human
health, and evapotranspiration of plant helps to cool down the surrounding temperature
(PCA, 2014).
Green roof reduces impurities in the air and heat that will produce smog. Reduced
Urban Heat Island profile which is increasing every year. There is lesser need for health care
services due to good air quality in the surroundings (PCA, 2014).
Green roof improve air quality
Diagram 7.4 : Average Roof Surface Temperature

28
The turf grass trap and hold dust particles in the air to reduce air pollution that is
bad for human health, and evapotranspiration of plant helps to cool down the surrounding
temperature (PCA, 2014).
Green roof reduces impurities in the air and heat that will produce smog. Reduced
Urban Heat Island profile which is increasing every year. There is lesser need for health care
services due to good air quality in the surroundings (PCA, 2014).
Green roof improve air quality
Green roof provide ‘extra’ space
The green roof fully utilizes the roof and turn the rooftop into a place for
socializing and relaxing purposes as there are a lot of unused spaces in the developing city
(PCA, 2014).
The roof creates convenient and comfortable space for day care, meetings, and recreation
(PCA, 2014). It also creates a better panoramic view for the adjacent buildings (PCA, 2014)
Diagram 7.5 : Urban Heat-Island(PCA, 2014)

29
Nanyang Technology University has a large surface of green on its roof which
enables the building to serve as a water catchment area since Singapore itself undergoes
tropical climate and there is plenty of rain whole year long. The rainwater is absorb by the
green roof preventing water runoff from the curve roof. After the rainwater is filtered by the
green roof, the water is transferred to the gutter and then down to the filtration system
underground. The rainwater will be further treated and then pump back together with the PUB
water for potable water which is also grey water.
Similar system is used
in the diagram above
where the rainwater
is stored under-
ground after being
filtered and then
pumped back up for
domestic usage in
the building.
Diagram 7.6 : Rainwater Collection Device (Justin, 2014)
^Diagram 7..7 : Pipe transferring water to gutter.
>Diagram 7.8 : Water goes underground through this tunnel

30
BenefitsofusingRainHarvestingSysteminNanyangNTU
Rainwater Harvesting System is fitted on the green roof for irrigation
To reducing solar gain and slowing runoff during Singapore’s frequent
downpours, it is irrigated using rainwater collected in storage tanks; a moisture retention
mat installed beneath the lightweight soil also helps keep the grass consistently damp under
the sun.
The rainwater harvesting system helps to reduce the impact on the environment by
reducing the use of fuel based machines. It is suitable for irrigation and watering garden
because the rainwater is free from many chemicals found in ground water and also free
from pollutants as well as salts, minerals, and other natural and man-made contaminants,
so, it is good for irrigation and plant thrive.
The automatic irrigation system tends to use a lot of water very quickly, so it can only be
used as part of very large rainwater harvesting systems that feature large storage tanks.
There systems are typically designed and installed by professionals.
Diagram 7.9 : Rainwater Harvester

31
The rainwater harvesting system not only reduces dependence on ground water
and the amount of money spent on water, but also reduces off-site flooding and erosion by
holding rainwater on the green roof. During the rainy season, rainwater is collected in a large
storage tanks which also helps in reducing floods in some low lying areas. Besides, it helps in
reducing contamination of surface water with pesticides and fertilizers from rainwater run-off
(Conserve-Energy-Future, 2014).
Rainwater harvesting also can reduce salt accumulation in the soil which can be
harmful to root growth. When collected, rainwater filters into the soil, forcing the salt down and
away from the root zone area. This allows for greater root growth and water uptake, which
increases the drought tolerance of the grass (Conserve-Energy-Future, 2014).
Rainwater Harvesting Helps Reduce Floods & Soil Erosion
Diagram 7.10 : Water Sprinklers
Diagram 7.11 : Rain Harvesting System(Conserve-Energy-Future, 2014)

32
The system uses simple technologies that are inexpensive and easy to maintain.
The maintenance of the system requires little time and energy. The result is the collection of
water that can be used in substantial ways even without purification (Paul Mansfield, 2014). The
operation and maintenance of rainwater harvesting system is controlled by the individual without
having to rely upon the maintenance practices of a municipally controlled water system
(Conserve-Energy-Future, 2014).
Rainwater Harvesting System Is Easy To Maintain
The rainwater harvesting system provides an independent water supply
during regional water restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement
the main supply (Commonfloor.com, 2014). It provides water when there is a drought, can
help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable
ground water levels to be sustained. In addition, it also helps in the availability of potable
water as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts (Paul Mansfield, 2014).
Rainwater Harvesting System Can Be Used As A Backup Source To
Municipal Water
Diagram 7.12 : (Paul Mansfield, 2014)

Conclusion
Nanyang University School of Art, Design and Media have made a lot of
modification to protect the environment. It has been one of the significant sustainable
buildings in Singapore as well as the world. It has become a good example on how to
cooperate the surrounding to the building in order to minimize the damage to the
environment.
Climate studies are important to analyze the building ventilation and shading. It
helps to analyze the location of shading devices should be placed. It is important to
understand the climate and weather of the place to avoid design failure and high
maintenance.
The sustainable designs and concepts are site specific, which indicates the type of
grass used for green roof and type of glass used for the façade has been tested before it is
chosen to apply on the building. It can moderate the air temperature as well as the air
quality of the interior space and surrounding. The shape of green roof allows the user to
rest on the green roof hence it provides extra spaces.
Rain harvesting system reduces flood and soil erosion. The water that has been
collected can be reused in toilet flushing and washing hand. It is easy to maintain hence
reduce the cost of maintenance. By applying the modifications, Nanyang University School
of Art, Design and Media is able to maintain the platinum class of Green Mark.
33

34
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Technological-University.asp

35
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36
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Building Science 1: Project 1 Nanyang

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