1. Feliciano Belmonte jr.
list of the members of the Cabinet of President-elect Benigno Aquino III, announced on June 29, 2010.
Paquito Ochoa Jr., Executive Secretary
ambassador Philip Goldberg
1. ARTICLE VIITHE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT OFTHE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ATTY. HARVE B. ABELLA, ESQ.
2. STANDARD OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
3. SEAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
4. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTExecutive Power: •It is vested in the President. Whatever is not legislative, is residual power
exercised by the President. (Marcos v Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760)Art. VII, Sec. 1 •The executive power shall be vested in the
President of the Philippines. •Power to enforce & administer lawsQualifications: •Sec. 2. No person may be elected as President
unless he is a natural born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least 40 years of age on the
day of the election and a resident of the Philippines for a least 10 years immediately preceeding the election.MAY NOT BE
INCREASED OR REDUCED BY CONGRESS. Applicablerule of interpretation: Expressio unius est exclusio alterius.These
qualifications should be possessed by the candidate on the day ofthe election regardless of the time he is actually proclaimed.
5. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTElection: •Regular – second Sunday of May, every 6 years •Special – •Death, permanent
disability, removal from office or resignation of both the President & the Vice President •Vacancies occur more than 18 months
before the next regular presidential election •A law passed by Congress calling for a Special Election to elect a Pres. & VP to be
held not earlier than 45 days no later than 60 days from time of such call. (Sec. 10, ART VII)
6. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Election & Proclamation Canvass of election returns: Conducted in the light of Art. VII, Sec. 4
The returns of every election for P & VP, duly certified by the Board ofCanvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted
to the Congress, directedto the President of the Senate. Upon receipt of the COC’s, the President of theSenate shall, not later
than 30 days after the day of the election, shall open allcertificates in the presence of the Senate & the House of Reps. In joint
publicsession, and the Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and dueexecution thereof in the manner provided by
law, canvass the votes. The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimedelected, but in case 2 or more shall
have an equal and highest number of votes,one of them shall forthwith be chosen by vote of a majority of all members of

2. bothHouses of Congress, voting separately. The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of certificates. The SC,
sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating toelection, returns, and qualifications of the P or VP, and may
promulgate rules forthe purpose.
7. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTTerm of Office: Sec. 46 years:noon on the 30th day of June to end on the 30th of June 6 years
after•Shall not be eligible for any re-election. •Originally meant to force the P. to devote his time to his position. •No
prohibition against running for a lower position •Running for the same office after another has been president after him?
•Perpetual disqualification from running for the same office •“any re-election” •Can be re-elected. Provided it is not
immediately after his term ends.•No person who has succeeded as president and has served for such formore than 4 years
shall be qualified for election to the same office at anytime.
8. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTThe PGMA Question. •PGMA succeeded ERAP on Jan. 20, 2001 •PGMA ran for President in
May 2004. •PGMA became President on June 30, 2004Was she validly elected as President? •PGMA ran as congresswoman in
May 2010 •PGMA became a congresswoman in June 30, 2010Was she validly elected as Congresswoman for her district?
9. STANDARD OF THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
10. SEAL OF THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
11. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT The VP Sec. 3. •Same qualifications as the President. •Eligible for the position of member of
the Cabinet •Does not need confirmation by Commission on Appointments •Cannot demand appointment. Cannot be forced to
accept appointment. Sec. 4(2) •Cannot serve for more than 2 successive terms. •Voluntary renunciation of the office for any
length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of the service for the full term for which he was
elected.CAN THE VP BE ALLOWED TO RUN FOR A 3RD TIME ?
12. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTSec. 9 Vacancy in the office of the VPThe president shall nominate a VP from among the
Senators andthe House of Reps.He shall assume office upon confirmation by a majority vote of allMembers of both Houses of
Congress voting separately
13. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTRULES ON SUCCESSIONVacancy at the beginning of the term: •Death or permanent disability
of the President-elect •VP-elect shall become President •President-elect fails to qualify •VP-elect shall ACT as president until
the President-elect shall have qualified. •President shall not have been chosen: •VP-Elect shall ACT as president until a
President shall have been chosen & qualified.
14. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTNo President and VP chosen or qualified, or both have died orbecome permanently
disabled:•SENATE PRESIDENT in an acting capacity •In case of inability •SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE in an acting capacity •Until a
president or a VP shall have been chosen and qualified.IN THE EVENT OF INABILITY OF BOTH, who shall ACT asPresident?
•CONGRESS SHALL BY LAW PROVIDE FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH ONE WHO IS TO ACT AS PRESIDENT SHALL BE SELECTED
UNTIL A PRESIDENT OR A VP SHALL HAVE QUALIFIED. •Does not necessarily follow that the SC CJ shall become acting president.
15. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT VACANCY DURING THE TERM •Death, permanent disability, removal from office, or
resignation of the President VP SHALL become PresidentTHE STRANGE CASE OF RESIGNATION OF A PRESIDENT.-The “DEEMED
RESIGNED” case-Joseph Ejercito Estrada vs Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, GR No. 146738, 3/2/01Oath of Office Sec. 5Not a source
of substantive power. Merely intended to deepen the sense ofresponsibility of the President and ensure a more conscientious
discharge of hisoffice.
16. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTDeath, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of PresidentAND Vice
president: •Senate President – acting capacity •IN CASE OF INABILITY •Speaker of the House – acting capacity Until a President
or VP shall be elected and qualified. •Congress, by law, shall provide for the manner which one is to act as President in the
event of inability of the officials mentioned above.
17. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTTEMPORARY DISABILITY•When the President TRANSMITS to the SP and the SH •Written
Declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written

3. declaration to the contrary: such powers and duties shall be discharged by the VP as ACTING President.•Majority of ALL the
Members of the CABINET TRANSMIT to the SPand SH: •Written Declaration that the P is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office •VP IMMEDIATELY assumes the powers and duties of the Office as ACTING PRESIDENT•President transmits
Written Declaration that NO inability exists, •Reassume the powers of the office of the President
18. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTShould a majority of the CABINET MEMBERS transmit within 5days to the SP and SHWritten
declaration that the P is unable to discharge the powersand duties of his office, CONGRESS SHALL DECIDE THE ISSUE.Congress
shall convene, if not in session, within 48 hours.Within 10 days from receipt of last written declaration or, if not insession,
within 12 days after it is required to assemble, Congressdetermines by a vote of 2/3 vote of both Houses voting Separately,that
the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties ofhis office, the VP shall act as President, otherwise, the
Presidentshall continue exercising the powers and duties of his office.
19. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTConstitutional Duty of Congress in case of vacancy in theoffices of the President and the VP:
•At 10AM of the 3rd day after the vacancy occurs, Congress shall convene w/o the need of a call, and within 7 days, enact a law
calling for a special election to elect a President and VP to be held not earlier than 45 nor later than 60 daysfrom the time of
such call.NO SPECIAL ELECTION SHALL BE CALLED IF THE VACANCYOCCURS WITHIN 18 MONTHS BEFORE THE DATE OF THENEXT
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.Removal of the President: Impeachment. Sec. 2&3, Art. XI
20. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTProhibitions & Inhibitions (Sec. 6 & 13, ART VII)1. shall not receive ANY OTHER emoluments
from the gov’t or any other source2. Shall not hold any other office or employment unless otherwise provided for by the
Consti.3. Not directly/indirectly practice any other profession, participate in any business, or be financially interested in any
contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the gov’t. or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof,
GOCC’s or their subsidiaries4. Strictly avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office5. May not appoint a spouse or
relatives by cosanguinity or affinity within the 4th civil degree as members of the Consti. Commissions, or the Office of the
Ombudsman, or as Secretaries, Undersecretaries, chairmen/heads of bureaus or offices, including GOCCs and their subsidiaries.
• Guaranty against NEPOTISM. PUBLIC OFFICE IS A PUBLIC TRUST. (SEC 1. ART XI)
21. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
22. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT1. EXECUTIVE POWERPower to enforce and administer laws •The President shall have control
of all executive departments, bureaus and offices. He shall ensure that all laws are faithfully executed. (Sec. 17, ART 7) •Until
and unless a law is declared unconstitutional, the President has a duty to execute it regardless of his doubts as to its validity
(FAITHFUL EXECUTION CLAUSE) Sec. 1 and 17, Art. 7
23. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT2. POWER OF APPOINTMENTWith the Consent of the Commission on Appointments •Heads
of executive departments •Ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls •Officers of the AFP from the rank of colonel or
naval captain (Sarmiento vs Mison, GR No. 79974, 12/17/1987 •Only appointments under the 1st sentence of Sec. 16, Art. 7
need confirmation of COA. •Officers whose appointments are vested in him by the Constitution
24. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT2. POWER OF APPOINTMENT •With prior recommendation or nomination by the Judicial and
Bar Council •Members of the Supreme Court and all lower courts. Sec 9, Art. 8 •Ombudsman & his deputies•Requiring
nominations by multi-sectoral groups •Regional consultative commission (Sec. 18, Art. X) •Party list representatives (prior to
enactment of Party-list Law (Sec. 7, Art. XVIII)•Appointment of the VP as member of the Cabinet
25. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTAppointment solely by the President •Those vested by the Constitution on the President
alone •Those whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by law •Those whom he may be authorized by law to
appoint •Those other officers lower in rank whose appointment is vested by law in the President
alone.LimitationsAppointments made by an acting president shall remain effective unless revoked w/in90 days from
assumption of office by elected President (Sec. 14, ART. VII)Appointment BAN. 2 months immediately before the next
Presidential elections andup to the end of his term when continued vacancy will prejudice public service orendanger public
safety (Sec. 15, Art VII)Power to make appointments during the recess of the Congress, whether voluntary orcompulsory –
effective until disapproved by COA / until next adjournment of theCongress (Sec. 16, par 2. Art. VII

4. 26. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 3. Power of Removal Implied from the power to appoint. EXCEPTION Those appointed by him
where the Constitution provides certain methods for separation from public service (e.g. impeachment)4. Power of
ControlPower of an officer to •Alter •Modify •Nullify •Set aside what a subordinate has done in the performance of his duties
and to substitute his judgment to that of the former (Mondano vs. Silvosa, 97 Phil. 143)
27. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT5. Military Powers (sec. 18, ART VIII)Commander-in-chief clause •To call out the armed forces
to prevent lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion •To organize courts martial for the discipline of members of the armed
forces, and create military commissions for the punishment of war criminals
28. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus and Declaration of Martial
LawGrounds: invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires itDuration: not more than 60 days following which it shall be
lifted, unless extended byCongressPresident to report to Congress: w/in 48 Hours personally or in writingAuthority of Congress
to revoke/extend effectivity of proclamation: majority vote of ALLits members voting jointlyAuthority of SC: inquire into
sufficiency of the factual basis for such action, at theinstance of ANY CITIZEN. Decision must be promulgated w/in 30 days w/in
its filing Proclamation does not affect the right to bailSuspension (H.Corpus) applies only to persons facing charges of rebellion
or offensesinherent in or directly connected with invasionPersons charged must be charged w/in 3 days if not, they must be
released•PROCLAMATION DOES NOT SUPERSEDE CIVILIAN AUTHORITY.
29. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Effects of Proclamation of Martial LawThe President can •Legislate •Order the arrest of
people who obstruct the war effort •The FF cannot be done •Suspend the operation of the constitution •Supplant the
functioning of the civil courts and the legislative assemblies •Confer jurisdiction upon military courts, where civil courts are able
to functionOPEN COURT DOCTRINE – civilians cannot be tried by military courts if civil courtsare open and
functioningAutomatically suspends the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus (Sec. 18, Art. 7)
30. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 6. Pardoning Power •Discretionary, may not be controlled by the legislature or reversed by
the court unless there is a constitutional violation •In granting the power of executive clemency upon the President, Sec. 19 Art.
7 does not distinguish between criminal and administrative casesLimitations •Cannot be granted in cases of impeachment
•Cannot be granted in violations of election laws w/o the favorable recommendations by the COMELEC •Can be granted only
after conviction by final judgment (except amnesty) •Cannot be granted in cases of legislative contempt or civil contempt
•Cannot absolve convict of civil liability •Cannot restore public offices forfeited
31. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTPardon – act of grace which exempts the individual on whom it isbestowed from punishment
which the law inflicts for a crime he hascommittedClassification of Pardon •Plenary or partial •Absolute or
conditionalCommutation – reduction or mitigation of the penaltyReprieve – postponement of sentence or stay of
executionParole – release from imprisonment but without full restoration ofliberty, as parolee is in the custody of the law
although not inconfinementAmnesty – act of grace, concurred by the Legislature, extended toclasses of persons who
committed political offenses., which puts intooblivion the offense itself.
32. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT AMNESTY PARDON1. Political offenses 1. Infraction of peace/common crimes2. Granted to
CLASSES of persons 2. Granted to INDIVIDUALS3. Requires concurrence of 3. Does not require concurrence of Congress
Congress4. Public act to which the may take 4. Private act which must be pleaded judicial notice and proved5. Looks backward
and puts into 5. Looks forward and relieves the oblivion the offense itself pardonee of the consequences of the offense6. May
be granted even before trial 6. Can be granted ONLY AFTER conviction
33. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT7. Borrowing Power Sec. 20, Art. 78. Diplomatic Power Sec. 21, Art. 7 •No treaty or
international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least 2/3 of all members of the SENATE9.
Budgetary Power Sec. 22, Art. 7 •W/in 30 days from opening of every regular session, President shall submit to Congress a
budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures10. Informing
Power Sec. 23, Art. 7 •President shall address Congress at the opening of its regular session. President may also appear before
it at any other time.

5. 34. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTOther Powers IMMUNITY FROM SUIT DURING HIS TENURE IS DEEMED IMPLED IN THE
CONSTITUTION •The immunity does not extend to non-official acts for wrongdoing. Estrada vs Desierto GR Nos. 146710-15,
3/2/01
35. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTConditions for the Exercise of Emergency Powers1. War or national emergency2. There must
be a law authorizing the President to exercise emergency powers3. Exercise must be for a limited period4. Must be subject to
restrictions that Congress may provide5. Exercise must be necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy (Sec.
23(2), Art. 6)
36. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
37. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTJUDICIAL POWERJudicial power includes the duty of the courts to settle actualcontroversies
involving rights which are legally demandable andenforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been agrave abuse
of discretion amounting to lack or excess ofjurisdiction on the party of any branch or instrumentality ofgovernment. Sec. 1, Par.
2, ART VIII •Vested in •One Supreme Court; and •Such lower courts as may be established by law (Sec. 1, ART 8)
38. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTJurisdictionFrom Latin : •Juris – “right law” •Dictionem (nom. Dictio) = “a saying”The power to
hear and decide a case and execute the decision thereof •Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe and apportion the
jurisdiction of the various courts but not deprive the SC of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Sec. 5, ART 8 •No law shall
be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the SC as provided in the Consti without its advice and concurrence Sec. 30,
Art. 6
39. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTSafeguards that guarantee INDEPENDECNE OF THE JUDICIARY •Constitutional body and may not
be abolished by law •Members are removable by impeachment •SC may not be deprived of its minimum & appellate
jurisdiction; appellate jurisdiction may not be increased without its advice or concurrence •SC has administrative supervision
over all inferior courts •SC has exclusive power to disciple judges/justices of inferior courts •Members enjoy security of tenure
•Members of the judiciary may not be designated to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative FXNS. •Salaries of
judges may not be reduced, judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy •SC alone may order temporary detail of judges •SC can appoint
all officials and employees of the Judiciary
40. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTQualifications of CJ and AJ of the SC •Natural Born Citizen •At least 40 years of age •15 years or
more as a judge of a lower court or has been engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines for the same period •A person of
proven competence, integrity, probity and independencePresiding Justice and AJ of the CA •Same qualifications as those of the
SC
41. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTQualifications of RTC Judges •Citizen of the Philippines •At least 35 years of age •Has been
engaged in the practice of law for at least 5 years or has held public office requiring admission to the practice of law as an
indispensable requisite •A person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independenceQualifications of
MTC/MTCC/MCTC •Citizen of the Philippines •At least 30 years old •Has been engaged in the practice of law for at least 5 years
or has held public office requiring admission to the practice of law as an indispensable requisite •A person of proven
competence, integrity, probity and independence
42. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTProcedure for Appointment •Appointed by the President among a list of at least 3 nominees
prepared by the JBC for every vacancy •For lower courts, President shall issue the appointment 90 days from submission of the
list.TENURE OF JUSTICES/JUDGES •SC = 70 years of age or become incapacitated to discharge their duties. May be removed
only through impeachmentLOWER COURT •70 years of age or become incapacitated to discharge their duties •SC en Banc,
majority vote, shall have the power to discipline judges of lower courts or order their dismissal •No law shall be passed
reorganizing the judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its members Sec. 2, Art. 8
43. THE SUPREME COURT OF THE PHILIPPINES
44. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTCompositionCJ and 14 AJ •May sit en banc •Sit in divisions of 3, 5, 7 members – discretionary
•Any vacancy shall be filled within 90 days from occurrence thereof, but in no case shall appointment be made 2 months before

6. the next presidential election and up to the end of the term of the president •The SC ruled that the APPOINTMENT BAN 2
months before the next presidential election does not apply to the SC but only to the EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
45. POWERS OF THE SUPREME COURTORIGINAL JURISDICTION •Over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls •Over petitions for Certiorari, Prohibition, Mandamus, Quo Warranto, and Habeas Corpus; and •Review of the factual
basis for the declaration of Martial Law or suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.APPELLATE JURISDICTION
•Over final judgment and orders of the lower courts in all cases which the constitutionality or validity of any treat, international
or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation is in question
•Legality of tax impost, assessment, toll, any penalty imposed in relation thereto •All cases in which the jurisdiction of any
lower court is in issue •All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher •All cases in which only a
QUESTION OF LAW IS INVOLVED. (sec. 5, Art. 8)
46. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT•Electoral Tribunal for Presidential and VP Contest sitting en banc, over allcontests relating to
the election, returns and qualification of the P or VP Sec.4(7) Art. 7•Temporary Assignments of judges of lower courts to other
stations as publicinterest may require. Not to exceed 6 months without the consent of the judgeconcerned•Order a change of
venue or place of trial, to avoid miscarriage of justice•Rule making power: promulgates the rules concerning the protection
andenforcement of constitutional rights; pleading, practice, and procedures in allcourts, admission to the practice of law, IBP,
and legal assistance to theunderprivileged •Simplified, inexpensive procedure for speedy disposition of cases • uniform for all
courts in the same grade •Shall not diminish, increase, modify substantive rights
47. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTPower of Appointment •Appoints all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with
the Civil Service LawPower of administrative Supervision •Administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof
•A mere division of the SC may discipline a judge of the lower court •The SC is required to decide a case en banc only when the
dismissal of a judge is involved
48. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTPOWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW •The power of the courts to test the validity of executive and
legislative acts in light of their conformity with the constitution. This is not an assertion of superiority by the courts over the
other departments, but merely an expression of the supremacy of the Constitution. (Angara vs Electoral Commission, 63 Phil
139)DOCTRINE OF JUDICIAL SUPREMACY •When the Judiciary allocates constitutional boundaries, it neither asserts superiority
nor nullifies an act of the legislature. It only asserts the solemn and sacred obligation assigned to it by the Constitution to
determine conflicting claims of authority under the Constitution and to establish for the parties an actual controversy the rights
which that instrument secures and guarantees to them. (Laurel, Angara vs Electoral Commission, 63 Phil 139)
49. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTRequisites of Judicial ReviewActual case or controversy •A conflict of legal rights, an assertion of
opposite legal claims susceptible of judicial determinationOne who has sustained or is in imminent danger of sustaining an
injury as aresult of the act complained of TAX PAYER SUIT. All elements must concur •Public finds are disbursed by a political
subdivision or instrumentality •A law is violated or some irregularity is committed, and that the petitioner is directly affect by
the ultra vires act (Anti-Graft League of the Philippines vs. CA, 260 SCRA 250)Constitutional question must be raised at the
earliest opportunityDetermination of Constitutionality of the statute must be necessary to a finaldetermination of the case
(People vs Vera, 65 Phil. 56)
50. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION AMOUNTING OF LACK OF JURISDICTION Capricious and
whimsical exercise of judgment. The abuse of discretion must be patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of a positive duty
or a ritual refusal to perform a duty enjoined by law, or to act at law in contemplation of law, as where the power is exercised in
an arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of passion or hostility. (Intestate Estate of Carmen de Luna vs IAC, 170 SCRA 246)
51. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT JUSTICIABLE QUESTION POLITICAL QUESTIONA definite and concrete dispute Two
Aspectstouching on the legal relations of the •To those questions which, underparties having adverse legal the Constitution,
arte to beinterests which may be resolved decided by the people in theirthrough the application of a law. sovereign
capacityCutaran v DENR, GR No. 134958 •In regard to which full1/31/01 discretionary authority has been delegated to the
legislature or executive branches of government (Tanada vs Cuenco, 100 Phil. 1101)

7. 52. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTFXNs of JUDICIAL REVIEWChecking •Invalidating a law or executive act that is found to be
contrary to the ConstitutionLegitimating •Upholding the validity of the law that results from a mere dismissal of a case
challenging the validity of the lawSymbolic •To educate the bench and bar as to the controlling principles and concepts on
matters of grave public importance for the guidance of and restraint upon the future. Salonga vs Cruz Pano, 134 SCRA 438