2. Images - Terminology p : Object Distance q : Image Distance Real Images : When light rays pass through and diverge from the image point. Virtual Images : When light rays do not pass through but appear to diverge from the image point. Magnification

5. Some Examples Multiple Images Formed by Two Mirrors Rearview Mirror

6. Concave Spherical Mirrors Spherical Concave Mirror A real image is formed by a concave mirror Spherical Aberration Paraxial Approximation: Only consider rays making a small angle with the principal axis

7. Image Formation Focal Point

8. Convex Spherical Mirrors The image formed is upright and virtual

11. Image is real, inverted and smaller than the object

12. Image is virtual, upright and larger than the object

13. Image is virtual, upright and smaller than the object

14. Image From a Mirror f = +10 cm Concave Mirror (a) p = 25 cm (b) p = 10 cm (c) p = 5 cm

15. Images Formed By Refraction

18. Flat Refracting Surface The image is on the same side of the surface as the object.

19. Apparent Depth The image is virtual

20. Thin Lenses The image formed by the first surface acts as the object for the second surface where, q 1 < 0 Lens Makers’ Equation

22. Lens Types Converging Lenses Diverging Lenses f 1 : object focal point f 2 : image focal point

25. The image is virtual and upright The image is real and inverted

27. The image is virtual and upright

28. Examples A diverging lens with f = -20 cm h = 2 cm, p = 30 cm The image is virtual and upright A converging lens with f = 10 cm (a) p = 30 cm (b) p = 10 cm (c) p = 5 cm The image is real and inverted The image is virtual and upright The image is at infinity

31. Example f 2 = 20 cm f 1 = 10 cm O I 1 I 2 15 cm 20 cm 10 cm

32. Object and Image Distances Converging Lens Diverging Lens

33. The Simple Magnifier Use a lens near the eye to make an object seem larger (occupy a larger angle at the eye).

34. Compound Microscope Use a lens combination to make small objects near the objective seem more visible.

35. Refracting Telescope Use a lens combination to make distant objects more visible