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Fat Replacer
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2. By Dr. M. A. BADR Prof Internal Med.Univer Alex. Depart of Diabetes & Metabolism Consultant Mouwasat Hospital FAT REPLACEMENTS FAT SUBSTITUTES FAT REPLACERS
8. Nobel laureate Paul Sabatier worked in the 1890s to develop the chemistry of hydrogenation which enabled the margarine, oil hydrogenation, and synthetic methanol industries. While Sabatier only considered hydrogenation of vapours, the German chemist Wilhelm Normann showed in 1901 that liquid oils could be hydrogenated and patented the process in 1902. In 1909, Procter & Gamble acquired the US rights to the Normann patent; in 1911, they began marketing the first hydrogenated shortening, Crisco (composed largely of partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil )..
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10. Walt Disney Company will begin getting rid of trans fats in meals at US theme parks ( Disneyland , Walt Disney World , etc.) by the end of 2007 , and will stop the inclusion of trans fats in licensed or promotional products by 2008 .
11. The EFSA Journal (2004) 81, 1-49 Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to the presence of trans fatty acids in foods and the effect on human health of the consumption of trans fatty acids (Request N° EFSA-Q-2003-022) (adopted on 8 July 2004) Trans-fat
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13. The palm fruit is the source of both palm oil (extracted from palm fruit) and palm kernel oil (extracted from the fruit seeds). Babassu oil is extracted from the kernels of the Babassu palm.
14. The oil palm gives its name to the 16 carbon saturated fatty acid palmitic acid found in palm oil; monounsaturated oleic acid is also a constituent of palm oil while palm kernel oil contains mainly lauric acid .
15. Palm oil became a highly sought-after commodity by British traders, the oil being used as industrial lubricant for the machines of Britain's ongoing Industrial Revolution , as well as forming the basis for different brands of soap such as Palmolive . By c.1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African states such as Ghana and Nigeria.
16. The World Health Organization in its report states there is convincing evidence that palmitic oil consumption contributes to an increased risk of developing of cardiovascular diseases.
22. Health and nutrition benefits of fat replacers. 1- To modify the intake of fat. (motivation) 2- No strong personal motivation (taste, cost, availability) 3- Extra consumption rather than replacement
23. Definition Fat replacers * Safe compounds * Has all the functional and organoleptic properties (taste & appearance) of fat * Significantly fewer calories
25. Carbohydrate – based * Carbohydrate polymers * Hydrocolloids * Polyols (sugar alcohols or bulking ingredients)
26. Carbohydrate - based * Carbohydrate polymers Consists of - Modified food starches - Dextrin - Maltodextrins Created from : Cereals, grains, and / or starches such as corn, potato, & Tapioca. NB: Polydextrose is also included.
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28. CHO based Fat Replacers - Hydrocolloids Gums, gels and fibers * Provide thickness * Stabilizing, emulsifying and/or providing structure to foods. * Some products, like pectin and bran * 2 common foods, apple sauce and pureed prunes (add bulk and flavor in baking)
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30. Polyols- basic sugar + H Polyols Sucrose Glucose Strach based syrup Strach based syrup + H H ydrogenated S trach H ydrolysate (H S H)
32. Protein-based Fat Replacers Microparticulated protein is created by heating and blending protein at high temperature to develop microscopic particles that are said to float over the tongue to provide the creamy mouth - feel of fat. Origin : egg white or whey protein
33. - Cannot be used in fried or baked foods protein will coagulate and loose creaminess. - 1.3 K cal/g Protein - based Fat Replacers
34. Fat – Based Emulsifiers, produced by replacing the triglycerides in vegetable oils, such as mono and diglycerides, and poly sorbate, have been used in foods for many years. Partially absorbed 9 K cal/g 5 K cal/g - Caprenin - Salatrim & others. - Olestra
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36. - Triacylglycerol composed of glycerol plus acetic propionic, and butyric acids ( short chain FA) and stearic acid (long chain FA) - Partially absorbed 5 K cal/g Salatrim
37. Olestra. (Olean Procter & Gamble) - Generic name for a preparation of sucrose polyesters - Has a sucrose core with six to eight FA. side chains (large) unabsorbed provides no calories - FDA approval 1996.
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39. Food additive 1- Intentional additives: Perform specific functions in food 2- Incidental food additives: no function Olestra: food additive approval FDA G enerally R ecognized A s S afe (GRAS)
42. Review of Safety Literature 1 - Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K 2- Beta carotene (effect ?) 3- Poly-dextrose fermentation in colon 4- Olestra & Diazepam, propanolol, oral contraceptives.
43. Question ? Are there health and nutrition benefits. * Energy * Lipids * Diabetics
44. WEIGHT? CALORIE CONTROL COUNCIL SURVEY * Consumers ranked to maintain Current weight 54% * and to maintain an 52% attractive physical appearance
45. Energy and fat compensation . Unintended effects:- * no total daily reduction in fat or calories “ over consumption of other foods ” * Higher intake of CHO - affect - TG - Affect - glycaemic control (diabetic) & - Reduced - fat foods as an isolated dietary strategy for weight loss is limited. (Gatenby et al . Appetite 25:241-52; 1995)
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47. Role of fat replacers Grundy et al (Am J Clin Nutr 44;620-29, 1986) Patient 6 obese with type 2 3 hypertriglyceridemic follow up 16-50 days Diet Consumed liquid hypo caloric diets 40% of the calories or 90 g/day of sucrose polyester Results Reduction of 20% cholest. 26% LDL 3 hyper TG ---------------------------------- TG Low Calorie LDL no change with without Sucrose polyester
48. The use of fat-replaced foods alone should not be expected to produce spontaneous improvements. Such improvements will still be dependent on long term behavioral changes that include not only modifications in fat, but also modifications in overall energy intake and increases in energy expenditure . Miller and Rolls. Fat substitute Handbook. Roller S, Ed.