Seed conservation is an important activity and strategy of preserving, saving and conserving our plant biological resources mostly in the form of seeds both at national and international level. several organizations, agencies, institutes and many are involved in conservation of rare and endangered species realizing their importance in very existence of mankind now and also in future. There are two broad approaches namely in situ conservation and ex situ conservation. Little effort is done to brief some of the techniques to conserve biological resources here in this presentation.

1. THANK YOU
WELCOME

2. Seed conservation : Global
approach
V V Gadad
PGS14AGR6337
Ph.D Scholar
Seed Science & Technology
UAS Dharwad

3. Flow of presentation
Introduction
Conservation-global concern
In- situ conservation
Ex- situ conservation
International organisations for seed conservation
The ultimate seed vault
Wrap up!

4. Biodiversity
• Degree of variations of life forms
• The totality of genes, species and ecosystems of region
It can be defined as the variability among and between the living organisms and
species of surrounding ecosystems and ecological complexes of their life support.

5. Genetic resources
• Animal genetic resources
• Plant genetic resources
• Microbial genetic resources
• Marine genetic resource

6. One third of the global plant species are threatened in different level.
-International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Major threat to rapid loss and extinction of genetic diversity-
• Habitat destruction
• Pollution
• Climate change
• Invasion of exotic species
• Human population pressure
• Ever increasing agricultural pressure and practices and
• Life style change
(Opdam and Wascher, 2004)

7. Conservation –Global challenge
• Global population approaching towards 9.1 billion in 2050 –need of 70% increase in the food
production
(Godfray et al., 2010)
• Undertaking of effective as well as productive agricultural land uses has raised global challenge of
conserving biodiversity.
(Tscharntke et al., 2012)
• Conserve plant genetic diversity- essential for food security
-FAO
Hence, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture came into exist in
2001 to recognize farmers contribution to the diversity of crops, establish mechanism to access
plant genetic materials and share benefits of developing genetic materials (FAO, 2014).

8. • The very objective of germplasm conservation (or storage) is to
preserve the genetic diversity of a particular plant or genetic stock
for its use at any time in future.
• In recent years, many new plant species with desired and
improved characteristics have started replacing the primitive and
conventionally used agricultural plants.
• It is important to conserve the endangered plants or else some of
the valuable genetic traits present in the primitive plants may be
lost.

9. Conservation – global concern

10. • A global body namely International Board
of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) now
named Bioversity International has been
established for germplasm conservation.
• Its main objective is to provide necessary
support for collection, conservation and
utilization of plant genetic resources
throughout the world.

11. Two basic methods :
- In-situ conservation
- Ex-situ conservation
Methods of conservation

12. In-situ conservation is on-site conservation or the conservation of
genetic resources in natural populations of plant , such as forest genetic
resources in natural populations of tree species.
It is the process of protecting an endangered plant in its
natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or
by defending the species from predators.
It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agro
ecosystems by farmers, especially those using unconventional farming
practices.

13. Methods of in-situ conservation:
Protected areas
Conservation on-farm
Home gardens
The major limitations of in-situ conservation
are listed below:
i. The risk of losing germplasm due to environmental
hazards
ii. The cost of maintenance of a large number of
genotypes is very high.

14. Today, there are about 37,000
protected areas, parks, sanctuaries and
biosphere reserves all around the
world!!!

15. Protected areas
A network of 668 protected areas
(PAs) has been established
comprising
102 national parks
515 wild life sanctuaries
47 conservation reserves
4 community reserves
Source: www.moef.nic.in

16. On-farm conservation and home gardens
Conservation On-farm:
Maintenance of useful species in the production systems where they
are grown.
The oldest agro biodiversity method of conservation ever practiced
by humankind since the discover of agriculture.
Farmers maintain crops through their continued cultivation, and
although they may not be aware of the genetic diversity they harbour
on their farms, they contribute through their work to informally
safeguard traditional crops that meet local needs both for their own
families and for their communities (Mekbib et al., 2009).

17. The conservation of crops on-farm has several advantages
compared with ex-situ conservation
Advantages
• Allows for evolution of crops through
continued natural and human-driven
selection, which contribute to greater
adaptation and resilience in
cultivation.
• Makes possible the maintenance of
crops whose seeds cannot be stored
at the low temperatures of
genebanks.
• Supports the maintenance of
traditional knowledge (TK, often
termed indigenous knowledge – IK)
associated with their use.
Disadvantages
• Limited access to
germplasm for breeders
and other users
• Vulnerability of crops to
natural disasters
• The fact that less diversity
can be stored at any single
location.

18. In-situ conservation of unique land races of Rice by Shri. Shankar Langati
Ratnachuda, a fine grain good quality rice Bangarakaddi, a fine grain good quality rice
Karigajaville, an aromatic with good nutrition Dambarsali, a purple rice variety for weed identification
Conservation of unique land races of Rice, vegetables and legumes by
Shri. Shankar Langati, Gundenatti, Belguam, Karnataka

19. In-situ conservation of unique land races of Rice by Shri. Shankar Langati
Ambemohr, a fine grain aromatic rice Raj Bhog, a fine grain aromatic rice
Gandhasale, fine graine aromatic rice Kumkum sali, a good quality aromatic rice

20. Conservation of Unique land races of vegetables
Seven leaf Bhendi Backyard Brinjal Hairy Cluster bean
Table purpose pumpkin Desi Tomato (table purpose)

21. Conservation of Unique land races of vegetables
Madiwala Bitterguard
Gandigawada Brinjal
Perinnal Bitter guard
Local Ridge guard

22. Practice of in situ green manuring, organic farming and water conservation

23. Storage of different land races of rice and other crops
Awards secured for conservation of traditional varieties.

24. Organisation of exhibitions, field days and Farmers’ field school

25. Participation in State level Seed saviour conference

26. 1. Indrani 16.Sonum
2. Hegge 17.Nadandar Sali
3. Kunkum Sali 18.Manila
4. Krishna Kumu 19.Jadagi
5. Ratna Chudi 20. Dodda batta
6. Chandrikya Mugad 21.Ganda Sali
7. Barma Black 22.Karigijivili
8. Honne Kattu 23.Intan
9. Shiddagiri-2 24.Belgum Basmati
10. Padma Rekha 25.Dodda byairenellu
11. Mugad Dodgya 26.Mapale Samba
12. Navali Sali 27.Ramagalli
13. Bangar Kaddi 28.Karihakkala Sali
14. Mysore Mallige 29.Dambar Sali
15. Mugad Suganda 30. Kalajeeva
31. Rajabhoga
Traditional rice varieties conserved at Gundenhatti Village

27. 1. Madaki
2. White Alasndi
3. Red Alasandi
4. Gurellu(Niger)
5. Malenad Alasandi
6. Kari Hurali
7. Kari Hesaru
8. Kempu Hurali
9. Gadde Avare
10. Vatani
11. Kare Kadale
12. Green Hesaru
13. Chennangi
Traditional pulse varieties Traditional vegetable varieties
1. Badane (brinjal)
2. Mulangi(Raddish)
3. Sorekai
4. Entene Bende
5. Chappara Avare
6. Kidney Beans
7. Heere
8. Tuppire
9. Chakkar Kumbala

28. 1. Yenigar Sorghum
1. White Sorghum
1. Javari Sajje
1. Kari Ragi
1. Kempu Ragi
1. Urupula Navane
1. Hala Navane
1.Amrut Godi
2. Kempu Godi
Traditional millets varieties Traditional Wheat varieties

29. Contact numbers:
Shankar langati- 9972150378
Kombli- 9845890411
Kallappa neginal (bagewadi)- 9980634062

30. Benefit sharing amount
deposited
Contributions from National &
International
Organizations
Section 45 of the PPV&FR Act, 2001
In Flow
Reimbursement of
compensation
Supporting
conservation
Reimbursement of Benefit
shares
Out Flow
Annual Fee
National Gene Fund
Constituted by the
Government of India
Compensation
amount deposited
National Gene Fund established on 26 March
2007
For supporting the
conservation and sustainable
use of genetic resources
including in-situ and ex-situ
collections

31. Reward Recognition
Reward: Maximum of ten rewards to farmers consisting of citation,
memento and cash of Rupees one lakh each.
Recognition: Maximum of twenty recognitions to farmers.
Maximum five awards consisting of a citation, memento and cash of
Rupees Ten lakh each
Awards
Awards / Reward / Recognition Awarded Since
Plant Genome Saviour Community Awards 10 2009-10
Plant Genome Saviour Farmer Reward 10 2012
Plant Genome Saviour Farmer Recognition 15 2012
Plant Genome Saviour Recognition Certificates (prior to initiation of
PGSCA)
16 2007-08 to 2010-11

32. Home gardens
Smaller scale
generally more species
Diverse
Mainly medicinal, flavouring, or vegetable spp.
Eg. Chelsea Physic Garden, London

33. Community Seed Banks (CSBs)
• Farmers can be also organized as so-called ‘community gene banks’,
whereby leader custodian farmers maintain the diversity on behalf of
all others members (Ramprasad, 2002).
• Some of these community-based approaches are further structured
and include multiple objectives in their work.
‘gene-seed-grain’ banks being practised in some regions of India
(MSSRF, 2010).
Community seed bank (CSB) at Udaipur, Rajasthan

34. Establishment, operation and management of community seed banks
(Malik et al., 2013)

35. Scientific management of CSBs
1. Maintenance of seed purity at farmers field and at CSBs
 Precautions at farmers field
(a) Maintaining isolation
(b) Rouging
 Precautions at seed banks
(a) Physical purity
(b) Freedom from weed seeds
2. Seed handling, cleaning and grading
(a) Cleaning
(b) Grading
3. Seed storage procedures for CSBs
(a) Natural drying
(b) Artificial drying
(c) Seed processing
(d) Seed storage
4. Treatment of seeds and storage containers
5. Monitoring seed quality and health
6. Monitoring seed germination, viability and vigour before seed distribution

36. Community Seed Banks at Udaipur
(Malik et al., 2013)Locations of 15 Community Seed Banks in 3 Blocks of District Udaipur

37. Community Seed Bank at Udaipur
Visit of farmers to gene bank at
MPUAT, Udaipur
CSB awareness camp at village level in
Udaipur district

38. Ex-situ conservation

39. Ex-situ conservation means literally, "off-site conservation".
It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal
outside of its natural habitat.
For example, by removing part of the population from a
threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area
or within the care of humans.

40. What is the difference between In-situ and Ex-
situ conservation?
In-situ Ex-situ
done in the natural habitats of the biodiversity
components
done outside of their natural habitats.
more dynamic more static
involves designation, management, and monitoring
of target taxa in their natural habitats
involves sampling, transfer, and storage of target
taxa from their natural habitats.
populations remain within the ecosystem involving
the process of evolution
they are not involving the natural evolution process.
time consuming but more sustainable aimed to use in conserving genetic components, in
immediate occasions.

41. Ex situ conservation can be carried out using several
methods
- Seed gene bank
- In vitro storage
- DNA storage
- Pollen storage
- Field gene bank
- Botanical gardens

42. • A seed bank stores seeds as a source for planting in case seed reserves elsewhere
are destroyed. It is a type of gene bank.
• Storing seeds also guards against catastrophic events like natural disasters,
outbreaks of disease, or war. Unlike seed libraries or seed swaps that encourage
frequent reuse and sharing of seeds, seed banks are not typically open to the
public.

43. • A seed bank is a facility used to store seeds of various crops and wild plants, in an
effort to maintain biodiversity.
• These structures can be found scattered all over the world, established by
governments and organizations concerned about crop diversity.
• The Global Crop Diversity Trust proposed in 2007
that an Arctic seed bank be established, to preserve
seeds of vital crops in safe bunker conditions in the
event of catastrophic events.

44. Seed conservation- Why do we have Seed Banks?
• The storage of material in the form of seeds is one of the most
widespread and valuable ex situ approaches to conservation.
• Seed banking has considerable advantages over other methods of ex
situ conservation such as ease of storage, economy of space,
relatively low labour demands and consequently, the capacity to
maintain large samples at an economically viable cost.

45. Why Store Seeds and Not Whole Plants?
• Seeds are a convenient means of long term storage of genetic diversity, as
the samples are small in size, are easily handled, require low
maintenance and frequently remain viable for long periods.
• In general, conditions of low temperature and desiccation allow seeds to
maintain viability, in many cases indefinitely.
• Seed banks take up little space, but can be expensive to run, both
because of the need to maintain low temperatures and the necessity for
germination tests, growth trials and regeneration. They are not suitable
for species with recalcitrant seeds.

47. There are however, certain limitations in the
conservation of seeds
i. Viability of seeds is reduced or lost with passage of time.
ii. Seeds are susceptible to insect or pathogen attack, often leading to
their destruction.
iii. This approach is exclusively confined to seed propagating plants, and
therefore it is of no use for vegetatively propagated plants e.g. potato,
Ipomoea, Dioscorea.
iv. It is difficult to maintain clones through seed conservation.
Certain seeds are heterogeneous and therefore, are not suitable for
true genotype maintenance.

48. In vitro methods for germplasm conservation
In vitro methods employing shoots, meristems and embryos are ideally
suited for the conservation of germplasm of vegetatively propagated
plants.
The plants with recalcitrant seeds and genetically engineered materials
can also be preserved by this in vitro approach.

49. There are several advantages associated with in
vitro germplasm conservation
i. Large quantities of materials can be preserved in small space.
ii. The germplasm preserved can be maintained in an environment, free
from pathogens.
iii. It can be protected against the nature’s hazards.
iv. From the germplasm stock, large number of plants can be obtained
whenever needed.
v. Obstacles for their transport through national and international
borders are minimal.

50. There are mainly three approaches for the in vitro
conservation of germplasm
• 1. Cryopreservation (freeze-preservation)
• 2. Cold storage
• 3. Low-pressure and low-oxygen storage

51. Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation (Greek, krayos-frost) literally means
preservation in the frozen state.
The principle involved in cryopreservation is to bring the
plant cell and tissue cultures to a zero metabolism or non-
dividing state by reducing the temperature in the presence
of cryoprotectants.

52. Cryopreservation broadly means the storage of
germplasm at very low temperatures
i. Over solid carbon dioxide (at -79°C)
ii. Low temperature deep freezers (at -80°C)
iii. In vapour phase nitrogen (at -150°C)
iv. In liquid nitrogen (at -196°C)
In fact, cryopreservation has been successfully applied for germplasm
conservation of a wide range of plant species e.g. rice, wheat, peanut,
cassava, sugarcane, strawberry, coconut.
Several plants can be regenerated from cells, meristems and embryos
stored in cryopreservation.

53. Freezing
The sensitivity of the cells to low temperature is variable and largely
depends on the plant species.
Four different types of freezing methods are used:
1. Slow-freezing method (suspension cultures)
2. Rapid freezing method (shoot tips and somatic embryos)
3. Stepwise freezing method (suspension cultures, shoot apices and
buds)
4. Dry freezing method

54. Cold storage basically involves germplasm
conservation at a low and non-freezing temperatures
(1-9°C)
The growth of the plant material is slowed down in
cold storage in contrast to complete stoppage in
cryopreservation.
Hence, cold storage is regarded as a slow growth
germplasm conservation method.
The major advantage of this approach is that the plant
material (cells/tissues) is not subjected to cryogenic
injuries.

55. Low-Pressure and Low-Oxygen Storage:
As alternatives to cryopreservation and cold storage, low-pressure
storage (LPS) and low-oxygen storage (LOS) have been developed for
germplasm conservation.
normal
atmospheric
storage
low pressure
storage
low oxygen
storage
20 20
10
78 78
90
Atmpressure
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LPS AND LOS
O2 N2

56. • In low-pressure storage, the atmospheric pressure surrounding the plant material is
reduced. This results in a partial decrease of the pressure exerted by the gases around the
germplasm.
• The lowered partial pressure reduces the in vitro growth of plants (of organized or
unorganized tissues). Low-pressure storage systems are useful for short-term and long-
term storage of plant materials.
• The short-term storage is particularly useful to increase the shelf life of many plant
materials e.g. fruits, vegetables, cut flowers, plant cuttings. The germplasm grown in
cultures can be stored for long term under low pressure.
• Besides germplasm preservation, LPS reduces the activity of pathogenic organisms and
inhibits spore germination in the plant culture systems.

57. Low-Oxygen Storage (LOS)
• In the low-oxygen storage, the oxygen concentration is reduced, but
the atmospheric pressure is maintained by the addition of inert gases
(particularly nitrogen).
• The partial pressure of oxygen below 50 mm Hg reduces plant tissue
growth (organized or unorganized tissue). This is due to the fact that
with reduced availability of O2, the production of CO2 is low.
• As a consequence, the photosynthetic activity is reduced, thereby
inhibiting the plant tissue growth and dimension.

58. Other biotechnological approaches in plant
genetic resources conservation
A number of biotechnological approaches are being used for the
conservation and improvement of plant species for desired traits and each
of them has some advantages and disadvantages. Some important
techniques which have great potential in the determination of genetic
diversity have been used in many plant species including rare and
endangered species.
(Salim et al., 2012)

59. 1. Molecular marker technology
I. Biochemical marker
II. Phytochemical markers
III. DNA based markers
 Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
 Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR)
 Simple sequence repeat (SSR)
 Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)
 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

60.  Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
 Selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL)
 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
 Expressed sequence tagged (EST)
 Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)
 Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS)
2. Additional markers
 Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences
 Chloroplast spacer sequences
 DNA microarray
3. Plant DNA bank

61. Table. List of several micropropagated medicinally important plants.
(Malabika and Mohammad, 2014)

62. Table. List of endangered and threatened plants regenerated via somatic
embryogenesis and organogenesis by the process of plant tissue culture.
(Malabika and Mohammad, 2014)

63. How are Botanic Gardens Involved?
• Several botanic gardens have developed the capacity to store isolated
embryos, minute seeds and tissues under conditions of
cryopreservation, maintaining samples in liquid nitrogen at
temperatures of –196°C
• Such techniques offer great potential for the maintenance and
conservation of biodiversity, particularly plant species that cannot be
stored by conventional means

64. Gene bank procedures
• Collecting
• Registration
• Sample processing
• Germplasm testing
• Viability testing
• Health diagnosis
• Transgene detection
• Monitoring
• Conservation
• Seed bank
• Field bank
• In vitro bank
• Cryo bank
• Vegetative bank
• DNA bank
• Characterization
• Regeneration
• Distribution
• Safety duplication
• Equipment/supplies

65. Status of availability and safety duplication of
CGIAR genebanks across years.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
availability safety dulpication seed safety duplication clonal
%ACCESSIONS
2012 2013 2014

66. % Seed accessions available for international
distribution from 2013 to 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
africa rice CIAT CIMMYT
MAIZE
CIMMYT
WHEAT
ICARDA ICRAF ICRISAT IITA ILRI IRRI
%ACCESSIONSAVAILABLE
2012 2013 2014

67. NBPGR –A nodal agency for conservation of seeds and
other propagules in India.
• NBPGR and its ten regional stations in different agro climatic zones of
the country effectively support the germplasm collection,
conservation and evaluation activities of their respective regions.
• Integrated conservation approach is carried out by a network of more
than 50 National Active Germplasm Sites(NAGS) of the National
Agricultural Research System spread throughout the country

68. Mandate
To act as nodal institute at national level for acquisition and management of indigenous
and exotic plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and to carry out related
research and human resource development, for sustainable growth of agriculture.
Objectives of NBPGR
• To plan, organize, conduct and coordinate exploration and collection of indigenous and
exotic plant genetic resources.
• To undertake introduction, exchange and quarantine of plant genetic resources.
• To characterize, evaluate, document and conserve crop genetic resources and promote
their use, in collaboration with other national organizations.
• To develop information network on plant genetic resources.
• To conduct research, undertake teaching and training, develop guidelines and create
public awareness on plant genetic resources.

69. • The NAGS centres are responsible
for crop specific collection,
multiplication, evaluation,
maintainance and conservation of
active collections and are
distributing germplasm based on
indenters requests routed through
NBPGR.
• Seed gene bank at NBPGR has
capacity to store 0.75 million
accessions, making India third
largest gene bank after US and
China.

70. Ongoing Research Activities Supported by IPGRI
• Ultra-dry Seed Storage
• Sun-drying: an Alternative Way to Lower Seed Moisture Content
• Cryopreservation: a Potential Alternative for Conserving Seed of "Problem"
Species
• Germplasm Health: a Vital Consideration
Over the years, the Institute has developed strong collaborative partnerships
with several research centres including the Seed Laboratory of the University
of Reading (U.K.), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (U.K.), the Boyce Thompson
Institute (U.S.A.), Cornell University (U.S.A.), the National Seed Science
Laboratory at Fort Collins (U.S.A.), the University of Wageningen (The
Netherlands) and the Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (China).

71. 15 Seed Saving Initiatives Protecting Biodiversity for Future
Generations
1. AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center
2. Camino Verde
3. Great Lakes Bioneers Chicago (GLBC) Seed Saving Initiative
4. Hawai’s Public Seed Initiative
5. International Center for Tropical Agriculture
6. Louisiana Native Plant Initiative
7. Man and the Biosphere Programme

72. 8. Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
9. Native Seed / SEARCH
10. Navdanya
11. New York City Native Plant Conservation Initiative
12. The NSW Seed bank
13. Seed Savers Exchange
14. Slow Food International
15. Svalbard Global Seed Vault

73. Did you know!!!...
• There are botanic gardens and arboreta in 148 countries worldwide and they
maintain more than 4 million living plant collections.
• Amongst their collections are representatives of more than 100,000 species,
almost one third of the known vascular plant species of the world.
• There are a total of 142 million herbarium specimens in botanic garden herbaria
and 6.13 million accessions in their living collections.
• Over 500 botanic gardens occur in Western Europe, more than 350 in North
America and over 200 in East and Southeast Asia, of which the majority are in
China. Most of the southern Asian botanic gardens are to be found in India.

74. The Svalbard global seed vault: 'Doomsday Seed
Vault'
The Global Crop Diversity Trust
proposed in 2007 that an Arctic
seed bank be established, to
preserve seeds of vital crops in safe
bunker conditions in the case of
catastrophic events.

75. • Svalbard global seed vault is a secure seed bank on
the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen near Longyearbyen in
the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago, about 1,300
kilometres (810 mi) from the North Pole.
• Conservationist Cary Fowler, in association with the
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR),started the vault to preserve a wide variety of
plant seeds.

76. • It is built right into a sandstone mountain and covered in a thick layer
of permafrost, are kept at an icy minus 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit (minus
18 degrees Celsius).

77. Contains global
accessions

79. Soil Seed Bank
• Soil seed bank is a natural storage of viable seeds (often dormant) within
the soil of most ecosystems.
• Soil seed bank is generally been defined as the amount of viable seeds
present in the soil of defined area (Zhang zhiquan,1996 ).
• The study of soil seed bank started in 1859 when Charles Darwin observed
the emergence of seedlings using soil samples from the bottom of a lake.
• Important fields in soil seed banks are
 Weed seed bank
 Forest regeneration and
 Restoration ecology

80. Environmental significance:
Play an important role in the natural environment of many ecosystems.
 Rapid re-vegetation of sites disturbed by wildfire, catastrophic
weather, agricultural operations, and timber harvesting.
 Forest ecosystems and wetlands contain a number of specialized
plant species forming persistent soil seed bank.
A knowledge of the soil seed bank is of great value in the agriculture,
forestry, conservation management and vegetation of mining
wastelands ( Zhang zhiquan,)

81. Soil diaspore bank and Soil bud bank:
• The term soil diaspore bank can be used to include non-flowering
plants such as ferns and bryophytes
• Many plants have vegetative propagules to facilitate forming new
plants, migration into new ground, or reestablishment after being
top-killed. These propagules are collectively called as the soil bud
bank, which includes dormant and adventitious buds on stolons,
rhizomes and, roots.

82. Similarity between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation species
composition
(Guillaume et al., 2004)Forest of Le Nouvion, Northern France
In SC (Selective cutting system), pre-commercial thinning
treatments are conducted every 4 years (removal of
almost all shrubs and unsuitable trees at 23m3 per ha) and
commercial fellings every 8 years (selective cutting of
mature trees at 10m3 per ha).
In CWS(Coppice-With-oak Standards), commercial felling
usually occurs every 30 years, removing the whole coppice
timber and about three quarters of the standards (i.e.,
from 150 to 250m3 per ha).

83. Seed security for Food security