2. Learning outcomes
2
To understand and be able to explain the following:
ďThe definition, nature and context of reward
ďThe content and objectives of the reward
relationship
ďThe theoretical context to reward
3. Why study aspects of management?
3
ďâTheories are important. They contain our basic
assumptions about key relationships in business
life. Theories tell us what to look out for, what our
first steps should be and what to expect as a result
of our actions. Saving us from going back to first
principles at each stage, they are actually short-
cuts to action.â
ďWhittington, D. (2001) What is Strategy â and
does it matter? Thomson Learning
4. What is Reward Management?
4
ďReward management is an umbrella term covering:-
design, implementation, maintenance, communication
and evolution of reward processes which help
organizations to improve performance and achieve
their objectives.
(Armstrong and Murlis, 1994)
ďTwo questions:-
ďĄ How much should be paid (rewarded) to each
employee?
ďĄ What form should the payment (reward) take ?
5. Dimensions of reward
5
Reward 3-dimensional
External:-
Market (labor pools/skills shortages)
legal requirements - min wage, equal pay
Companyâs reward strategy
governed by dimensions:
strategy positioned according
to actual behavior and
corporate values on relative
importance of dimensions
Individual:- Internal:-
performance job evaluation
competencies negotiation
teams corporate performance
6. The content of reward management
6
ďDirect financial reward in the form of base pay
and incentives/allowances.
ďIndirect financial reward in the form of
employee benefits and conditions.
ďNon-financial reward in the form of job
satisfaction, career development and good
working environment.
ďReward strategy takes a holistic approach to
these three areas.
7. Types of reward
7
Group related
Security driven Tradition driven
Lifetime jobs
Non-money related
Cost of living increases
Money related
Corporate prestige Perks
Employability driven Contribution driven
Training & development Performance pay
Personal career plans Merit bonuses
Individual related
8. Objectives of reward strategy
8
ďCongruence with corporate values and beliefs
ďLinked to business strategy
ďDrive and support behavior at all levels
ďFit desired management style
ďProvide a competitive edge in HR terms
ďReflect market realities (Armstrong 2002)
10. From backroom to boardroom?
10
ďIn the past, pay and benefit administration largely
governed by the outcomes of collective bargaining. A
backroom function.
ďToday, the management of reward is increasingly
seen as a key HR function linked to the strategic
objectives of the employer.
11. The context of reward in the 21st century
11
ďIncreasing global competition
ďTrend to lower levels of trade union membership
and less collective bargaining and pay regulation
ďIncreasingly individual employment relationship
ďChanges in the psychological contract at work -
more insecurity and uncertainty
ďDiffering views of whatâRewardâis
12. Key trends since the 1990s
12
ďGrowing inequality in pay - incomes of higher paid
have increased much faster than the lower paid.
ďGrowth in financial participation schemes
ďGrowth in regulation of reward - particularly in
Equal Pay and Hours and Holidays, minimum wage,
increasing casual and part-time workers protection.
13. The New Pay Philosophy
13
ďNew Pay ideas originate in USA (Lawler; Schuster
and Zingheim; Gomez-Mejia; Mahoney)
ďInfluenced by HRM literature - new pay based on
concept that management of people must be
strategically focused.
ďPrescriptive or descriptive?
14. The New Pay Philosophy
14
ďChange to pay systems which are contingent on
business strategy and circumstances
ďTrend away from âjob relatedâ pay to âperson
relatedâ pay.
ďShift away from stable, seniority based systems to
more variable and âat riskâ pay.
ďMove away from fixed benefits to flexible
(cafeteria) benefits
15. Traditional vs New pay
15
Traditonal pay New pay
Focus External constraints Business needs
Fairness
Objectives Recompense for time Enhancement of
given up loyalty and commitment
Determination Collective bargaining Management
Approach Evolutionary, ad hoc Rational, strategic
Basis Job based Person based
Time based Performance based
Demarcations? Diff conds for diff groups Harmonisation
Wage and salary based All salary based
Many grades Few grades
Flexibility? Fixed benefits Flexible benefits
16. Reward systems - the major components
16
1. What are the objectives of the reward system?
2. What is the corporate strategy that provides the
foundation of the system?
3. What techniques are used to link strategy and
objectives.
4. The four main strategy areas are: 1) internal 2)
external 3) rewarding employee contribution and
4) administration.
(Milkovitch and Newman 2002)
17. Key debate - Best practice, best fit?
17
ď Best fit (contingent)?
ď âNew payâ concentrates on alignment of reward strategy with
business objectives for each individual company i.e. it is
particular, contingent to an organization; it is best fit
ďĄ Makes sense?
ď Best practice?
ď Best practice looks to find approaches which are âuniversalâ in
value in terms of recruiting, retaining and motivating i.e. to
produce competitive advantage.
ďĄ Counterintuitive?
18. Looking at Old Issues in a New Way
ď Best Practise vs. Best Fit (Schuster and Zingheim, 2002; Brown and Christie, 2005)
ďĄ All encompassing offerings are seen as Best Practise
ďĄ Focus should be on best fit for the organisation AND its employees
ď Employer - Understand Yourself
ďĄ Organisations need to understand what they need to succeed
ď Employer - Understand Your Employees
ďĄ True performance success is gained through employee involvement
and seeking the employeeâs direct voice (Walton ,1985; Lawler, 1986)
ď HR can assist by bridging the gap, by understanding the business AND
becoming an employee advocate so as to understand the employees
(Legge, 1999)
ďĄ Rewards can then become that which meets the needs of both
ďĄ Rewards becomes more than Total Rewards, it becomes a Total
Relationship approach (Schuster and Zigheim, 2000)
19. Reward Elements Examples
Reward Elements: Work Experience Elements:
Basic Salary
Company Bonus Opportunities for career advancement
Personal Bonus Job-orientated training
Profit Sharing
Stock or Share Options Other training available
Sales Incentives/Commission Performance appraisal
Long Term Incentives
Private Medical Cover Merit pay increases
Private Dental Cover Opportunities for job enhancement
Private Vision Cover
Health Screens/Physicals Employer is âpeopleâ-focussed
Defined Benefit Pension Positive leadership
Defined Contribution Pension
Supportive management
Critical Illness Cover
Life Insurance Positive colleague interactions
Recognition Scheme Great work
Long Service Awards
Company Car or Allowance Work/life balance
Petrol Allowance Flexible working practices
Mobile Phone
On-site Crèche You feel âinvolvedâ
Childcare Vouchers You trust your employer
On-site Cafeteria
On-Site Coffee Bar Your employer trusts you
Luncheon Vouchers Open and honest communications
On-Site Life style/Concierge
Tube or rail pass benefits Stakeholdership
On-site or discounted parking Company is growing
Wellness Programmes
On-site or discounted Gym membership Company is successful
Shopping Discounts Company has a positive image
Employee Assistance Programme
Salary sacrifice Bicycle purchase
Company has a positive reputation
Company has a clear vision
Company has a clear set of values
(Source: Schuster and Zigheim 2000)
20. References
20
Perkins, S. & White, G. (2010) Employee Reward:
Alternatives, Consequences and Contexts.
CIPD: London
Thorpe, R. & Homan, G. (2009) Strategic Reward
Systems.
Prentice Hall: London
White, G. & Druker, J. (2009) Reward Management: a
Critical Text.
Routledge: London
Hinweis der Redaktion
This is a general introduction to the concept of compensation and benefits, but using the more broad term â reward â as mentioned in the guidance.
Learning outcomes
Reward is one of many aspects of management that you have probably covered in your Masters degree. So why do we study these varied aspects of management? By studying these varied aspects of management, we hear about various theories of how various stakeholders act. By studying these organizational and management theories we obtain a greater sense of what works and what doesn â t, without having to go through the research ourselves. So theories of management provide â short cuts â on how to understand the workplace.
Reward management is an umbrella term covering the many steps in the process of implementing compensation and benefits strategy. As a rule there are two main questions that need to be addressed.
Reward is 3 dimensional in that it is affected by external aspects, individuals, and internal aspects. A company â s reward strategy will take these into consideration, and will make an assessment of how important each is to the success of the organisation. For example, if the organization requires highly skilled workers and there is a skills shortage of available workers, reward strategy may be affected in regards to higher wages to attract scarce talent. Strategy is a mix of the behaviors of these dimensions and how important they are to the organization.
There are 3 key areas of reward: direct financial, indirect financial and non-financial. Each organization needs to holistically assess the mix of these three areas to ensure success of corporate goals.
Rewards are varied â they fit on two continuums: non-money to money related and group related to individually related.
The objectives of the strategy have to fit the organizational â style â and objectives, reward the right behaviors, ensure attraction and retention of needed talent in reference to the market (industry norms and availability of talent in labor market).
Said in another way â Reward Strategy is determined by the culture of the organization, what behaviors it wants to reward, the economic environment externally and within the company, the legal constraints, the political context (are unions involved), and does the strategy fit in with social norms or even support external social issues?
Traditionally, pay and benefits were more collective, in that unions negotiated terms of employment. With the emergence of HRM, reward is now more strategic and managed internally through HR or a Reward Manager. The modern issue with this, is that unions were more employee focussed advocates, whereas it is argued that HR is too much of a corporate function to be a true employee advocate.
Reward is transitional in that the workplace is changing. Global competition has made the labor market and global one â especially for high skilled and professional workers. Reward is increasingly negotiated by individuals not collectively; unions less involved. The psychological contract has become more insecure and uncertain â workers are motivated by varied individual choices â so how do employers address these varied desires? Even the definition of what is a reward is changing â workers may make decisions based on non-traditional rewards such as career development or training opportunities.
Some key trends â pay is becoming less equal in regards to pay at the top is inflated while pay at the lower levels is too low. Growth in bonus, profit sharing and stock incentive schemes. Growing government interventions through regulations which influence pay.
There is an emerging theme of â New Pay â from the US which is influenced by the need to create a strategy of how people are paid. However, how does this fit with the need to address individuals? So there is this growing tug of war between having a set strategy for all employees, with the need to address individuals who may dictate their own terms due to high skills or shortage of skills in the market. Who wins? And how do you create strategy based on this?
Aspects covered under this new philosophy include pay systems which only pay out if certain goals are met, become focussed on person-related pay and the skills that person has, there is less focus on seniority and more pay is available through increased performance and bonus achievement, a move away from a set offering to a set of choices.
A comparison of traditional pay systems versus the new pay philosophy.
The major components address: what are the objectives of reward (performance?/compliance?); what drives the system (a desire to be employer of choice?/quality?/efficiency?); how is it implemented (higher pay vs. lower pay/higher bonus potential); how does it fit internally, in comparison to the external market, how does it reward employee contribution, and how is it administered through HR or management?
The big debate in HR/Reward is: Do you create a strategy which works uniquely for the organization OR Do you follow what other organizations are doing? Sometimes â Best Fit â strategies are hard to sell to potential employees if they are very different to competitors. Sometimes â Best Practice â at one organization does not work within the business or culture of another. Which is the best way?
Looking at it a new wayâŚthere is a growing message that Best Fit is the new Best Practice! Employers need to know their business and their employees â and HR/Reward managers bridge this for the organization by understanding the business and employees.
As a last example of how diverse reward is becomingâŚit is not just pay, benefits and a 401k!