1. Logistics is the Art and Science of Determining Requirements; Acquiring them;
Distributing
them and finally, Maintaining them in an operational ready condition for their entire life.
(Stone, 1968)

2. Historical Perspective
 1950’s and early 1960’s
In this period, distribution systems were unplanned and
unformulated.
 1960’s and early 1970’s
In the 1960’s and 1970’s the concept of physical distribution was
developed with the gradual realization that the ‘dark continent’
was indeed a valid area for managerial involvement.
 1980s
Fairly rapid cost increases and the clearer definition of the true
costs of distribution contributed to a significant increase in
professionalism within distribution.(centralized distribution,
severe reductions in stock-holding and the use of the computer)

3. Historical Perspective
 Late 1980’s and early 1990’s
Combining of materials management (the inbound side)
with physical distribution (the outbound side).The term
‘logistics’ was used to describe this concept
 1990s
Supply Change Management.
Manufacturers and retailers should act together in
partnership to help create a logistics mechanism.

4. Historical Perspective
 2000 and beyond
For many organizations, changes in logistics have
provided the catalyst for major enhancements to their
business.(Rushton, 2000)

5. Transportation system is the entire of labor,facilities,and resources that make up the
movement capability in the economy.This capability refers to movement of freight and
people.(R.Ballou, 1992)

6. Movement of Freight and People
Domestic Freight
Movement
Bulk of the Freight Transportation Small Shipment
Movement Agencies Services
Water Freight Forwarders Federal Express
Air
Truck Shippers United Parcel
Rail Brokers Service
Pipe
Others

7. Bulk of the Freight Movement
 Sea Freight
 Cost Economies
 Flexibility
 Availability
 Slow Spees
 Need for double handling
 Delay Problems
 Damage

8. Bulk of the Freight Movement
 Road Freight
 Quick Service
 Reduced need for double handling
 Flexibility
 Minimum packaging cost

9. Bulk of the Freight Movement
 Rail Freight
 Damage risk
 There is a need to double-handle
 Slow speed
 Unreliable
 Economic
 Limited rail heads

10. Bulk of the Freight Movement
 Air Freight
 Rapid Transit Time
 Fast Speed
 Lead Time Economy
 Reduction in Packagin Costs
 Expensive

11. Bulk of the Freight Movement
 Pipeline
Unlike the case with the other four modes,pipelines a
physical plant consist only of pipes,pumping stations,
storage tanks,and land.(Ballou, 1992)

12. Intermodal Transport
 An intermodal freight transport system is
characterized by the subsequent use of different traffic
modes for moving goods stowed into an intermodal
loading unit (ILU) from the consignor to the
consignee(Johan Woxenius and Fredrik Bärthel).

13. Intermodal Transport
 The cellular container ship

14. Intermodal Transport
 The roll-on roll-off ferry (RORO)

15. Intermodal Transport
 Multifret wagon

17. Overview
 The share of the transportation and logistics sector in
Turkey’s GDP is estimated between 8-12%. (IGEME ,2009)
 The size of Turkish transportation & logistics industry is
determined as US$ 59 billion, while the share of the
logistics service supplier market (Third Party Logistics) is
estimated as US$ 22 billion in “Turkey Logistics Industry
Survey 2008”. The industry has tripled since 2002 while the
share of logistics service suppliers has only increased by 7%
which signals an unrealized growth potential.(Quattro Business
Consulting “Turkey Logistics Industry Survey ,2008)

18.  Turkey lies between Europe and Asia serving as a bridge geographically,
culturally and economically.(Republic of Ministry Investement Support Agency)

19. Road Transport
 As of 2010, having 91,7 percent of passenger and 89,4
percent of freight transport, road transport constitutes
a great share among the transportation modes in
Turkey.
 Turkish total road network is over 64,865 km, of which
more than 31,395 km are state roads, 31,390 km are
provincial roads and 2080 km are motorways.

21. Rail Transport
 Currently, TCDD has 11,052 km conventional line and 888
km high speed line which finally equals 11,940 km lines in
total. 93 percent of these mainlines are single-track; 3161
km of total lines are electrified and 3908 km of them are
signaled.
 There are 452 km sidelines which enable the connection of
326 freight centers (such as Factory-organized industrial
zones) with main railway network. (Republic of Turkey Ministry of
Transport and Communication)

 A budget of US$ 23.5 billion is allocated to railway
development up to 2023.(Deloitte, Investors’ Guide Turkey, 2009)

22.  With regard to international transportation, block trains are operated
reciprocally from Turkey to Germany, Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria,
Romania and Slovenia in west

23. and to Iran, Pakistan, Syria, Iraq in east, and to Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan in Central Asia.
In this scope, 191 block freight trains are operated reciprocally per day including 158 domestic
and 33 international trains. (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport and Communication)

24. Air Transport
 Turkey has 45 airports, 13 of which serve international
flights. . In 2010 there were more than 100 million
airline passengers in Turkey.
 Total number of transit flights were 304.540,
international flights were 536.350 and domestic flights
were 489.980.
 In 2010, domestic cargo jumped to 598 thousand tons
and international cargo reached 1.4 million tons.

25. Sea Transport
 85 percent of the volume of Turkey’s foreign trade
transportation has been carried by sea.

26. Sea Transport
 The amount of container (including import, export,
cabotage and transit) handled in Turkish ports has
reached 5.7 million TEU in 2010.
 The amount of cargo (including import, export,
cabotage and transit) handled in Turkish ports has
reached 348.69 million tonnes in 2010

27. Sea Transport
 Turkish shipyard has become 70 in 2010 and has
managed to become well known throughout the world,
especially in the construction of chemical tankers and
container ships.
 The number of ships in the Turkish-owned shipping
fleet has become 1.239 in 2010.
 Total tonnage of Turkish-owned fleet has reached
18.671.000 DWT in 2010. (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport and
Communication)

30. Multi-modal Transport
 Maritime-railway connections in Haydarpaşa, Derince,
Bandırma, Alsancak, Samsun, İskenderun and Mersin
Ports
 Railway-road connections in Halkalı, Köseköy,
Derince, Bozüyük, Çukurhisar, Ankara, Boğazköprü,
Eskişehir, Kayseri, Başpınar, Biçerova, Mersin etc.
 Train-ferry connection between Samsun-Kavkaz ports
 RO-RO connections between;

31. Multi-modal Transport
 -Haydarpaşa -Ilichevsky (Ukraine) Ports,
 - İzmir – Ravenna – Monfalcone Ports (Slovenia),
 - İzmir – Salerno – Savona Ports (Italy),
 - İzmir – Mersin –Alexandria (Egypt) – Livorno (Italy) – Geneva (Italy)
–Mostaghanem (Algeria) Ports,
 - Pendik-Haydarpaşa-Trieste Ports(Italy)
 - Ambarlı-Trieste Ports(Italy)
 - Taşucu-Girne Ports(Turkish Republic Northern Cyprus)
 - Mersin- Magusa Ports(Turkish
 -Mersin –Trieste Ports (Italy)
 - Çeşme – Trieste Ports (Italy)
 - Rize – Poti Ports (Georgia)
 - Samsun – Novorossiysk Ports (Russia)
 - Trabzon-Sochi Ports,
 - Zonguldak-Ukraine Ports,
 - Train-ferry connections between Derince - Ilichevsky (Ukraine) Ports
and between Samsun

32. Logistic Centers
 Modern logistic centers are planned to be established
in areas which are close to “Organized Industrial
Zones” and convenient for technologic and economic
developments as in other European Countries

33.  Works for establishing 12 logistic centers has been
underway to improve integrated combined transport in the
country. (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport and Communication)

35. Hazırlayan:Egemen BİÇEN