Unix linux talk_by_pk_mishra_v1.8

Operating System Platforms from UNIX Into Cloud
A Perspective of Linux
Dr. PK Mishra (pkmishra@adapro.in)
Chief Technology Advisor
Adapro Consulting
Used during my talks to students of BIT Mesra, Patna Campus and Central University of
Bihar Patna, Campus at Patna, Bihar, India on 12-13th
August 2013

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Copyright Adapro Consulting 2
What is
●
UNIX is a computer operating system, control
program that works with users to run programs,
manage resources, and communicate with other
computer system.

●
It is a set of enabling technologies first developed at AT&TIt is a set of enabling technologies first developed at AT&T
that have been incorporated into several legally distinct butthat have been incorporated into several legally distinct but
closely related operating systems, each of which can beclosely related operating systems, each of which can be
considered to be a “UNIX system.” If it looks like UNIX,considered to be a “UNIX system.” If it looks like UNIX,
operates like UNIX, runs common UNIX utilities and programs,operates like UNIX, runs common UNIX utilities and programs,
and is developed with UNIX as a model, it’s UNIX.and is developed with UNIX as a model, it’s UNIX.

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History of UNIX
Work on UNIX started way back in 1969, when Ken Thompson, Dennis
Ritchie and others started working on the “little-used PDP-7 in a corner” at
Bell Labs and gradually the product got to be known as UNIX
Dennis Ritchie
Ken Thompson

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UNIX was Born Here

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UNIX / Linux Architecture

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Key UNIX Characteristics
Multitasking
UNIX lets a computer do several things (many processes) at a time such as printing
out one file while the user edits another file. Thus users do not wait for one
application to end before starting another. All these happen very smoothly and in a
time continuous manner.
Multiuser
The computer is used by a number of users, appearing as if it is fully owned by him
— to run programs, access files, and print documents. All users are isolated from
each other and there is no unwanted interference between programs run by them.
Interactions between users and processes are allowed strictly as defined by various
IPC mechanisms.
Portability
It is possible to implement UNIX on almost every new hardware as almost 99% of the
code is written in C, a language designed for portability. Changes in code is minimal.
The modularity of the OS components allows easy updates and upgrades.
Programs, Tools,
Utilities, Libraries
UNIX has hundreds of programs, utilities and tools. Most utilities like shell interpreter
behave similar across all implementations. Most programs written in C, use a common
layer of libraries of functions and system calls that interact with kernel to get the user
initiated tasks executed. Over years they have been standardized so that most
developers can extend the functions of the OS by writing these components.

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Contemporary UNIX
Versions
● UNIX is over 40 years old and pretty mature, has many
accolodes and influenced many new products
● Now UNIX Trademark is owned by The Open Group, even
though many successful UNIX versions existed around the
world some prominent ones are
– AT&T UNIX, BSD, ULTRIX, OSF/1, Digital UNIX,
Tru64UNIX, IRIX, UnixWare, SCO UNIX...
● Current generation of UNIX are massively scalable, highly
reliable, very secure and are used for large scale mission
critical commercial applications. But they are also quite costly to
own and run and have a shrinking market share
● UNIX versions conform to almost all published standards. A few
relevant standards from our purpose are
– POSIX, Single-UNIX-Specifications 2005
●
As of 2013 just about 3 popular commercial
versions exist

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Evolution in Server Side
Key Performance Index for
Services Delivery
- Reliability
- Availability
- Scalability
- Security
- Interoperability
GRID
Cloud

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IT Deployment Priorities
Performance ScalabilityReliability
Cost
Availability Security

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COST
SECURITY
CHOICE
RELIABILITY
Standards
Re-use
No lock-in
Freedom
ROI
TCOPeer review
Flexibility
Open Source – Key Advantages

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What is Linux / Why Linux ?
●
A Modern Operating System that runs on almost every modern processor
●
x86, x86-64, PowerPC, SPARC, Alpha, ARM etc.
●
Started as UNIX clone in early 1990s with GNU style licensing
●
Linus Torvalds is effectively the father of Linux kernel and still closely
controls Linux Kernel Development, now in version 3.8
●
Open Source Model – any one can get, use and modify the source code
●
A Linux Distribution has Linux kernel and most other components from GNU and
other Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) projects.
●
Many people therefore call it GNU/Linux
●
Cost of Linux OS is low – in most cases free. One may still need to buy support
●
Known for High Value Proposition (TOC, ROI) relative to UNIX / Windows
●
Popular Linux Distributions
●
Enterprise Grade - Redhat, SUSE, Oracle
●
Free / Unsupported – Fedora, openSUSE, Ubutnu, Slackware, BOSS ….

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Some Key Personalities
Linus Torvalds

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Common Use Cases
• Linux as Network / Edge Servers
– DHCP, DNS, Routing, Firewall
• Application Servers (Databases, Middleware, Web)
– Oracle, DB2, Sybase, SAP, BEA, Apache, JBoss
• File & Print Server
• Windows Interoperability
• Mail, Messaging and Collaboration Server
• Storage Consolidation
• Server Consolidation using Virtualization, Host for Cloud Services
• Gateway to Proprietary UNIX / Mainframe / Windows Servers
• Linux on Desktop – Workstations, Home Computers, Games etc.
• Host for all types of applications C/C++/FORTRAN/Java Apps to Linux

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Profile of Linux Adoption
Over Years
Enterprise-Wide IT Infrastructure
Simple Web Infrastructure
Network
Storage
Application Hosting
Linux Server
• Integrated network services
• Centralized management
• Identity-driven security
• Seamless interoperability with
UNIX, NetWare and Windows
• Virtualization (Storage, Server,
Network)
• System fabrics (Utility computing)
• Third party application services
• Enterprise server support
• Basic fail-over (a/a, a/p 2 node
cluster)
• Integration with systems
management
frameworks
• Basic DNS, DHCP, firewall
• Web infrastructure: Apache,
Tomcat
Windows
Server
Mainframe
Integrated Network
Services
Linux
DesktopDBMS
Linux Server Linux Server
ERP / SAPRDBMS
NOW

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Linux Server Functional Layout

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Enterprise Editions Highly
Scalable, Robust & Feature-Rich
• OS Features
– Standard Linux Commands, Tools, utilities, Compilers
– Fully Supported LAMP Stack
– Can Host most popular ISV products (5000+)
– Linux Standards Base 3.2 / 4.0
– RAS Features comparable to UNIX / Windows
– Carrier Grade Linux (CGL 4.0) like SUSE Enterprise
• Virtualization / Cloud Support
– Normally Bundle Xen / KVM / VirtualBox
– High Performance Virtual Machine Host & Guest
– Vmware / Hyper-V certfied VM types
– Fully support cloud models openstack/eclipse/opencloud etc.
– Very Decent Tools for Management
– Certfied for workload like SAP, DB2, Oracle
• Easy Deployment and Management
– Automated Deployment, Management
– GUI Tools for Standards Based Management
• Trusted Security
– Enhanced App Security using AppArmor, SELinux
– Some are EAL4+ Certified
– Network Detection, Monitoring, Filtering
– Support for Priviledge user monitoring
• Highest Performance and Scalability
– Proven with 1024+ CPUs, 24TB RAM
– Full use of new multicore CPU from Intel/AMD
– Very popular as Top500 HPC Nodes
• Drivers For Most OEM Hardware
– x86, x86-64, ia64, ppc, ppc64, s390x
– Certified for most storage, network, graphics
• High Availability / Mission Critical Featues
– HA solution with many sophisticated technologies
– Clustered File System OCFS2, LVMS2
– Clusters can cover VM and Metro LANs
• Interoperability
– Access to & from UNIX / Windowss (NFS / SAMBA)
– Active Directory / LDAP / Kerberos integration
– Can run many MS .NET Applications ( Mono)
– Run most Java Apps (supports all JVM options)
– MS Office file format compatibility

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Linux Desktops
Very Capable & Productive
● Works in any Network environment - Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mainframe
● With additional software / configuration, seamlessly authenticates in LDAP / Active
Directory / NIS environments
● Seamlessly connects to Windows SMB/CIFS, UNIX NFS and Novell File & Print
services
● Supports all major Browsers – Firefox, Chrome, Opera
● Seamless mail exchange with most servers - MS Exchange, Novell GroupWise, Lotus
Notes, UNIX / Linux mail
● With Novell Client tightly integrates with Novell NetWare / OES2 based services
●
Readily handles Microsoft Office document formats
●
Handles most popular media formats (may need to install additional codecs)
●
Enterprise grade client software if installed support major ISV offerings like Oracle,
SAP, IBM, GroupWise, eDirectory, Citrix, ZENWorks, VPN Clients etc.

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Few UNIX/Linux Commands

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Command Mapping
DOS/Windows ~ UNIX/Linux

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What Should a Student Do?
● It is essential to know the platform better than an ordinary user.
●
A typical Linux (UNIX) Server or Desktop provides ample of opportunity to do
this. Gain a lot by using the command prompt.
● Learn at least one programming language and one scripting language well –
helps you to learn methodical problem solving
– Languages : C / C++ / Java
– Scripting : UNIX Shell, Perl, Python, Javascript
– IDE & Development Tools : GNU, Eclipse, NetBeans
● Practice Cross Platform Development for Windows / Android / iOS can be tried
by using systems like Mono, Xamarin (any .NET/C# developer can do it)

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What Is Virtualization ?
How Does It Relate to Cloud?
OS OS OS OS OS
VM Virtualization Layer
Hardware
A A A A A A A

Partitioning of Resources

Abstraction of a Physical Machine
that exists in the Virtualization layer

Virtual machine monitor (hypervisor)

Helps in Utilizing resources like CPU
and Memory Better. Helps
consolidation on fewer HW Boxes,
reduces energy consumption and
floor space utilization

Improved reliability and availability of
virtual machines

Flexibility in resource allocation and
workload management

In line with Green Computing Ideas
Cloud Computing uses
Virtualization as an important
underlying technology to manage
workloads on virtual machines,
number and capacity of which are
elastic and demand driven.

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How Do
These Relate To Cloud?
● Cloud computing manifests in three major forms
– Infrastructure as Sevice (IaaS)
– Platform as Service (PaaS)
– Software as Service (SaaS)
●
In an IaaS scenario you still worry about the OS platform. Linux is very relevant in this
context
● PaaS services can be hosted on a variety of platforms, may have interoperability
concerns and are normally based on your platform preferences - you choose the OS
● SaaS model is almost agnostic of the OS platform and all you care about is your
application services and their behaviour in your context. Platform OS considerations
normally do not bother you.
●
Thankfully, SaaS model is increasingly getting popular in mass scale use of computers

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Summary
- We discussed a bit of UNIX, Linux and their evolution
- We talked about contemporary systems, some of their
features and how they can be leveraged
- We discussed the leading trend of push into the cloud with
virtualization as a key enabling technology
- We also prepared a list of things a student should do

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References
With sincere thanks, I acknowledge using contents / ideas
and style of depiction from foils
– Of public presentations I made for Novell as an
Employee during 2006 through 2011
– Www.slideShare.net
●
UNIX By Yan Feng, 17, Mar, 2012
●
UNIX & C Revisited By Jim Huang, 22, Oct, 2012
●
Love the Terminal By Mike West, Dec, 2007
– Www.google.com
Thank You

Unix linux talk_by_pk_mishra_v1.8

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