10. Cytokine receptor superfamilies Superfamily Receptors for Common structure Cytokine receptor IL-2 ( ), IL-4, Single spanning membrane IL-3/5 ( ), IL-6, glycoporteins with CK, IL-9, IL-12, etc. FNIII and C2 Ig domains Interferon receptor IFN- , IL-10 SSMG, FNIII domains Immunoglobulin IL-1, IL-6, FGF, Domains containing the M-CSF, SCF “Ig fold” Protein tyrosine EGF, PDGF, M-CSF Intracellular PTK domains kinase receptor SCF, FGF NGF receptor NGF, TNF-I/II 3-4 cysteine-rich repeats in extracellular molecule G-protein coupled C5a, PAF, 7 transmembrane domains 7 transmembrane IL-8 and chemokines with 3 extra- and 4 intra- spanning receptor cellular loops Complement protein IL-2( ), complement Multiple repeats short domains
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15. TNF- and IL-6 TNF- IL-6 Source Many Many Structure Pro-peptide; trimerises Single peptide Tumour suppression +++ + Acute phase response +++ ++ Receptor TNFRI/II (CD120a/b) Heterodimer -chain CD126 -chain CD130 Receptor distribution Widspread Widespread Endothelium T cells, B cells, T cells, APC plasma cells
16. IL-2 and IL-15 IL-2 IL-15 Source Activated T cells Multiple (T cell, (B cells) placenta, muscle, epithelium, monocytes) Actions T cell autocrine/paracrine growth factor B cell differentiation and Ig secretion Monocytes: IL-1 secretion, cytotoxicity, phagocytosis NK cells, LAK cells Receptor subunits chains of IL-2R Receptor subunits other names CD25, Tac, p55 CD122, p75 Kd (nM) 10 1000 none signal transduction no yes yes
17. IL-4 and IL-13 IL-4 IL-13 Source “Th2-type” CD4 T cells “Th1/0/2”-type T cells Some CD8 T cells Some CD8 T cells Thymocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils Actions B cells: class II MHC, CD40, CD23, Ig synthesis IgE class switching (not in the mouse!) Growth and proliferation No effect on T cells of T cells “ Th2-type” T cells Monocytes: complex effects: MHC class II, antigen presentation, cytokine release
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22. Th1 Th2 IL-2 IFN- IL-4 IL-5 TNF- IL-6 IL-3 IL-10 GM-CSF IL-13 IL-9? Cytolysis Help for IgE synthesis Help for IgG/A/M synthesis Th0 TNF- Cytokines
44. Cooperation between eotaxin and IL-5 in eosinophil accumulation eotaxin IL-5 eosinophils & precursors eosinophils Eotaxin mediated but IL-5 dependent Bone marrow Tissues
45. Eotaxin, eosinophils and “Th2-type” T cells Th2 T cell Eosinophil CCR3 CCR3 eotaxin eotaxin IL-5 GM-CSF
62. Tachykinins: receptors and metabolism Receptors NK 1 NK 2 NK 3 Affinity SP>NKA=NKB NKA>NKB>>SP NKB>NKA>>SP Distribution Wide Wide Brain & spinal cord Metabolism Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE): endothelium Neutral endopeptidase (NEP): epithelium
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68. Endothelin (ET) and nitrous oxide (NO) ET (vasoconstriction) NO (vasodilatation) Vascular endothelium and endocardium Epithelial cells Peripheral NANC nerves CNS Placenta Inflammatory leucocytes
69. Endothelin (ET) and nitrous oxide (NO): synthesis ET NO pro-ET ET 1-3 L-arginine L-citrulline + NO N G -hydroxy-L-arginine big ET NADPH NADP O 2 H 2 O NADPH NADP O 2 H 2 O
71. ET and NO: signalling ET 7 transmembrane domain receptor coupled to G-protein Activates PLC and PKC, AP-1, gene expression NO Acts by local diffusion Binds to haem moiety of guanylyl cyclase, elevating cGMP Non-specific cytotoxic/cytostatic effects: forms peroxynitrate which binds to Fe 2+