The document summarizes the properties of converging and diverging mirrors. It discusses the characteristics of converging mirrors such as having a concave reflecting surface and forming real, inverted images. Rules for ray diagrams and image formation based on the object's position relative to the mirror's focal point and center of curvature are provided. Properties of images formed by diverging mirrors, which have a convex reflecting surface, are also covered. Formulas for calculating mirror equations and image characteristics are presented. Practice problems demonstrate applying the concepts and formulas to example scenarios.

1. Converging mirror and Diverging mirror

5. 3. Object at C / Benda di C 4. Object between C and F Benda di antara C dan F  F  C V O I Real / Nyata Inverted / terbalik Same size as object/ sama besar At C / di C  C V  F Real / Nyata Inverted / terbalik Larger than object / Lebih besar Beyond C/ Lebih jauh dari C O I

6. 5. Object at F / Benda di F 6. Object between F and V / Benda di antara F dan V  C V  F No image Tidak ada bayangan Reflected rays are parallel Sinar yang dipantulkan sejajar.  C V  F Virtual maya, semu Upright tegak Larger than object lebih besar dari bendanya Behind mirror di belakang cermin

7. Summary table of characteristics of images formed by a concave mirror The images are formed by placing objects in different positions relative to a convave mirror. Rangkuman dari sifat-sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh sebuah cermin cekung. Bayangan-bayangan yang dibentuk dengan menempatkan benda pada posisi yang berbeda. at the vertex M = 1 Upright Virtual at the vertex between the vertex and infinity (-) M > 1 Upright Virtual between F and the vertex at infinity infinitely large indeterminate none at F between infinity and C M > 1 Inverted Real between C and F at C M = 1 Inverted Real at C between F and C M < 1 Inverted Real between infinity and C at the focal point infinitely small indeterminate Real at infinity (-) Position Size Attitude (orientation) Type (principle points) Image characteristics Object position

9. Rules for drawing ray diagrams for diverging mirrors Menggambarkan diagram sinar pada cermin cembung 1. An incident ray that is parallel to the principal axis is reflected such that it appears to have originated at the principal focus ( F ) Sinar datang sejajar sumbu utama dipantulkan seakan-akan datang dari titik fokus ( F ) 2. An incident ray heading toward the principal focus( F ) is reflected such that it travels parallel to the principal axis. Sinar datang menuju ke titik fokus ( F ) dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama. 3. An incident ray heading toward the centre of curvature ( C ) reflects back along the same path. Sinar datang menuju ke titik pusat kelengkungan cermin ( C ) dipantulkan kembali melalui jalan yang sama. V F C 1 V F C 2 V F C 3