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1. Compendium
CompendiumVet.com | Peer Reviewed | Listed in MEDLINE Vol 31(6) June 2009
3 CE Contact Hours CONTI N U I NG EDUCATION FOR VETERI NARIANS ®
FREE
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Obesity
Clinical Recognition
and Management
NEW
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AAFP Retrovirus
Guidelines
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Surgical Views
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Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy
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Understanding Behavior
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Addi B h i S i
Adding Behavior Services
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4. June
2009 Vol 31(6)
CompendiumVet.com | Peer Reviewed | Listed in MEDLINE
EDITORIAL BOARD
Anesthesia Internal Medicine
Nora S. Matthews, DVM, DACVA Dana G. Allen, DVM, MSc, DACVIM AMERICAN
Texas A&M University Ontario Veterinary College BOARD OF
Cardiology Internal Medicine and Emergency/ VETERINARY
Bruce Keene, DVM, MSc, DACVIM Critical Care PRACTITIONERS
North Carolina State University Alison R. Gaynor, DVM, DACVIM
(Internal Medicine), DACVECC
(ABVP) REVIEW
Clinical Chemistry, Hematology,
North Grafton, Massachusetts BOARD
and Urinalysis
Betsy Welles, DVM, PhD, DACVP Nephrology Kurt Blaicher, DVM, DABVP
Auburn University Catherine E. Langston, DVM, ACVIM (Canine/Feline)
Dentistry Animal Medical Center
Plainfield Animal Hospital
Gary B. Beard, DVM, DAVDC New York, New York
Plainfield, New Jersey
Auburn University Neurology Canine and Feline Medicine
EDITOR IN CHIEF R. Michael Peak, DVM, DAVDC Curtis W. Dewey, DVM, MS, DACVIM
The Pet Dentist—Tampa Bay Veterinary (Neurology), DACVS Eric Chafetz, DVM, DABVP
Douglass K. Macintire, Cornell University Hospital for Animals
Dentistry (Canine/Feline)
DVM, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC
Largo, Florida Vienna Animal Hospital
Oncology
Department of Clinical Sciences Emergency/Critical Care and Ann E. Hohenhaus, DVM, DACVIM Vienna, Virginia
College of Veterinary Medicine Respiratory Medicine (Oncology and Internal Medicine) Canine and Feline Medicine
Auburn University, AL 36849 Lesley King, MVB, MRCVS, DACVECC, Animal Medical Center
DACVIM New York, New York Henry E. Childers, DVM,
University of Pennsylvania DABVP (Canine/Feline)
Gregory K. Ogilvie, DVM, DACVIM
Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders (Internal Medicine, Oncology), Cranston Animal Hospital
Marie E. Kerl, DVM, ACVIM, ACVECC DECVIM-CA (Oncology) Cranston, Rhode Island
University of Missouri-Columbia CVS Angel Care Cancer Center Canine and Feline Medicine
EXECUTIVE Epidemiology
and Special Care Foundation
for Companion Animals
ADVISORY Philip H. Kass, DVM, MPVM, MS, PhD, Carlsbad, California
David E. Harling, DVM,
BOARD DACVPM DABVP (Canine/Feline),
University of California, Davis Ophthalmology DACVO
MEMBERS David A. Wilkie, DVM, MS, DACVO Reidsville Veterinary Hospital
Exotics
Avian
The Ohio State University Reidsville, North Carolina
Behavior Canine and Feline Medicine,
Thomas N. Tully, Jr, DVM, MS, DABVP Parasitology
Sharon L. Crowell-Davis, (Avian), ECAMS Ophthalmology
Byron L. Blagburn, MS, PhD
DVM, PhD, DACVB Louisiana State University Auburn University
The University of Georgia Jeffrey Katuna, DVM, DABVP
Reptiles David S. Lindsay, PhD
Douglas R. Mader, MS, DVM, DABVP (DC)
Wellesley-Natick Veterinary
Virginia Polytechnic Institute Hospital
Dermatology Marathon Veterinary Hospital and State University
Craig E. Griffin, DVM, Marathon, Florida Natick, Massachusetts
DACVD Pharmacology Canine and Feline Medicine
Small Mammals
Animal Dermatology Clinic Katrina L. Mealey, DVM, PhD, DACVIM,
Karen Rosenthal, DVM, MS, DABVP
DACVCP Robert J. Neunzig, DVM,
San Diego, California (Avian)
Washington State University
University of Pennsylvania DABVP (Canine/Feline)
Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy The Pet Hospital
Wayne S. Rosenkrantz, Feline Medicine Bessemer City, North Carolina
Darryl Millis, MS, DVM, DACVS
DVM, DACVD Michael R. Lappin, DVM, PhD,
University of Tennessee Canine and Feline Medicine
Animal Dermatology Clinic DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Colorado State University
Tustin, California Surgery
Compendium is a
Margie Scherk, DVM, DABVP Philipp Mayhew, BVM&S, MRCVS,
(Feline Medicine) DACVS refereed journal. Articles
Nutrition
Cats Only Veterinary Clinic Columbia River Veterinary Specialists published herein have
Kathryn E. Michel, DVM, Vancouver, British Columbia Vancouver, Washington
MS, DACVN been reviewed by at least
University of Pennsylvania Gastroenterology C. Thomas Nelson, DVM two academic experts on
Debra L. Zoran, DVM, MS, PhD, Animal Medical Center
the respective topic and
DACVIM (Internal Medicine) Anniston, Alabama
Surgery Texas A&M University by an ABVP practitioner.
Elizabeth M. Hardie, Toxicology
Infectious Disease Tina Wismer, DVM, DABVT, DABT Any statements, claims, or product
DVM, PhD, DACVS Derek P. Burney, PhD, DVM ASPCA National Animal Poison Control endorsements made in Compendium
North Carolina State Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists Center are solely the opinions of our authors
and advertisers and do not necessarily
University Houston, Texas Urbana, Illinois
reflect the views of the Publisher or
Editorial Board.
250 CompendiumVet.com
5. Coming Events Canadian News
July 16
Ontario Veterinary Medical Association:
Career Planning for Associate
Veterinarians & Potential Practice Owners
Canadian Government Invests in
Ontario Veterinary Medical Association
Milton, Ontario
This course will present the benefits and
Western College of Veterinary Medicine
downsides of owning a practice as well as
T
he government of Canada is invest- The construction of a two-story addi-
the practical aspects of practice ownership. ing $2.7 million in the infrastructure tion and basement will add 3000 m2 of
Web www.ovma.info/Meetings/
of the University of Saskatchewan’s additional space to the diagnostics facil-
August 8–13 Western College of Veterinary Medicine ity. Once completed, the centre will
World Association for the Advancement (WCVM). The funding, coming from the be a major western Canadian hub for
of Veterinary Parasitology: 22nd Canadian Western Economic Diversifica- veterinary diagnostics services, ani-
International Conference
Calgary, Alberta tion program, will be used on upgrades mal health research, and specialized
This conference will discuss current issues to the large animal clinic and the diag- training in diagnostic pathology, virol-
in parasitology. nostics laboratory at the college. ogy, bacteriology, immunology, and
Web waavp.org The upgraded facilities will make a range of biomedical sciences.
September 9 the college, province, and country “The expansion of the college’s
Calgary Academy of Veterinary more competitive, according to Minister diagnostics area and the renovation of
Medicine: Ophthalmology of State Lynne Yelich. “Investments our large animal clinical services will
Clara Christie Theatre, Health Sciences such as these will lead to new diag- provide our staff and students with
University of Calgary, Alberta
This seminar will offer 1.5 hours of scientific nostic tests that will protect Canada’s specialized, biosecure facilities where
CE and will be presented by Dr. Cheryl Cullen. livestock industry and the health and they’ll have access to a full range of
Phone 403-863-7160 safety of Canadians, their families, and new technologies,” says WCVM Dean
E-mail info@cavm.ab.ca communities.” Dr. Charles Rhodes.
Web cavm.ab.ca/ce_calendar.html
September 15
Toronto Academy of Veterinary Medicine: Animal Health Network Announced
Update on Clinical Gastroenterology
T
Dave and Buster’s he Canadian Food Inspection Agency our ability to understand and respond
Toronto, Ontario and the Atlantic Veterinary College to animal health and zoonotic disease
This seminar will provide an update on (AVC) at the University of Prince challenges in a world of ever-changing
gastrointestinal disorders of cats and Edward Island have joined together risks,” said Dr. Brian Evans, chief vet-
dogs, with an emphasis on diagnosis and
treatment. It will offer 5.5 CE credits. in a $1.2-million partnership to create erinary officer of Canada.
Phone 800-670-1702 the Canadian Regulatory Veterinary
Web tavm.org Epidemiology Network. This network
will link the five Canadian veterinary SPREAD YOUR GOOD NEWS
October 13 Have any interesting news to
Toronto Academy of Veterinary colleges and enhance animal health
expertise by contributing to research share? Send it in! We would like
Medicine: Early Resuscitation and
Stabilization of the Emergency Patient and training programs. In addition to to provide more recognition of
Dave and Buster’s veterinarians doing great things in
strengthening Canada’s animal disease
Toronto, Ontario their professional or personal lives.
This seminar will focus on practical prevention and control efforts, the pro-
If you have news about yourself or
emergency management using case gram will also help meet national and a colleague or about some other
examples. It will offer 5.5 CE credits. international demands for animal and newsworthy topic that would be of
Phone 800-670-1702 veterinary health experts. interest to others in the profession,
Web tavm.org
The initial phase of the project will send it (along with a picture if you
October 18 establish a research chair in regulatory have one) to:
Calgary Academy of Veterinary veterinary epidemiology at the AVC as
Medicine: Hematology Canadian News
well as related graduate positions. The c/o Veterinary Learning Systems
Clara Christie Theatre, Health Sciences
network will be led by the Centre for 780 Township Line Road
University of Calgary, Alberta
This seminar will offer 6 hours of scientific Veterinary Epidemiological Research at Yardley, PA 19067 USA
,
CE and be presented by Dr. Marjorie Brooks. the AVC, which is considered one of
E-MAIL editor@CompendiumVet.com
Phone 403-863-7160 the leading centres for animal health
E-mail info@cavm.ab.ca FAX 800-556-3288
epidemiologic research in the world. WEB CompendiumVet.com
Web cavm.ab.ca/ce_calendar.html
“This network will further strengthen
CompendiumVet.com | June 2009 | Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians® 251
11. Editorial
AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION OF FELINE
Contributed by: PRACTITIONERS
About AAFP
The American Association of
2008 Feline F
eLV and FIV are among the most common infectious
diseases of cats. Risk factors for infection include male
gender, adulthood, and outdoor access, whereas indoor
In a study of more than 18,000 cats tested
in 2004, 2.3% were positive for FeLV and 2.5%
were positive for FIV.1 Infection rates for FeLV
FeLV Vaccination
The decision to vaccinate an individual cat
against FeLV should be based on the cat’s risk
Feline Practitioners improves
the health and well-being of
cats by supporting high stan-
dards of practice, continuing
Retrovirus lifestyle and sterilization are associated with reduced infec-
tion rates.1–5
The retroviral status of all cats should be known. Cats
and FIV (TABLE 1) varied among subpopula-
tions and sources of cats.
of exposure. Cats that live in a FeLV-negative,
indoor environment are at minimal risk.
FeLV vaccination is recommended for:
education, and scientific inves-
tigation. Feline Practitioners
are veterinary professionals
Management
who belong to this association
may require retrovirus testing at different times in their lives. Preventing FeLV and FIV Infection
because they are “passionate
Here are some general principles for retrovirus testing: Vaccines are available for both retroviruses. All kittens because the lifestyles of kittens fre- about the care of cats”!
Both FeLV and FIV vaccines are non-core. Risk quently change after acquisition and they may American Association of Feline
Guidelines* A cat with a confi rmed-positive test result should be
diagnosed as having a retroviral infection—not clinical dis-
ease. Diseases in cats infected with FeLV or FIV may not
assessment of the individual animal should
dictate their use. No vaccine is 100% effec-
tive, and repeat testing should be performed
subsequently be at risk for FeLV exposure
Cats that go outdoors
Cats that have direct contact with cats of
Practitioners
203 Towne Centre Drive
Hillsborough, NJ 08844-4693
phone: 800-874-0498
necessarily be the result of the retrovirus infection. as warranted. unknown status or in high-turnover situations phone: 908-359-9351
Members of the Cats infected with FeLV or FIV may live for many years.
fax: 908-292-1188
e-mail: info@catvets.com
Advisory Panel A decision for euthanasia should never be made solely on the
basis of whether the cat is infected.
TABLE 1
Media contact: Valerie Creighton,
DVM, ABVP
❯❯ Julie Levy, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Chair No test is 100% accurate at all times under all conditions. Risk Factors for FeLV and FIV Seropositivity in 18,038 Cats Tested
❯❯ Cynda Crawford, DVM, PhD All test results should be interpreted along with the patient’s at Veterinary Clinics and Animal Shelters in North America1
University of Florida health and prior likelihood of infection. All positive results
Number of Cats Number of Cats
❯❯ Katrin Hartmann, Dr. Med. Vet., Dr. Habil., DECVIN-CA should be confirmed by another test method. Number of Cats
Factor Categories with Positive Results with Positive Results
Ludwig Maximilian University Munich | Munich, Germany Tested
While FeLV and FIV can be life-threatening viruses, proper for FeLV(%) for FIV (%)
❯❯ Susan Little, DVM, DABVP (feline practice) management can give infected cats longer, healthier lives. Study site Animal shelter 8068 124 (1.5) 141 (17)
Winn Feline Foundation | Manasquan, New Jersey The following article reflects the recommendations of the
Veterinary clinic 9970 285 (2.9) 305 (3.1)
❯❯ Eliza Sundahl, DVM, DABVP (Feline Practice) AAFP on managing these infections.
KC Cat Clinic | Kansas City, Missouri Region West 3737 39 (1.0) 72 (1.9)
Epidemiology
❯❯ Vicki Thayer, DVM, DABVP (Feline Practice) Canada 325 8 (2.5) 10 (3.1)
Purrfect Practice | Lebanon, Oregon The prevalence of FeLV infection has reportedly decreased
during the past 20 years, presumably as a result of implemen- South 6359 144 (2.3) 183 (2.9)
❯❯ Regina Hoffmann-Lehmann, Dr. Med. Vet.,Dr. Habil, FVH
tation of widespread testing programs and development of Northeast 3747 107 (2.9) 79 (2.1)
University of Zurich | Zurich, Switzerland
effective vaccines.1,2,6 In contrast, the prevalence of FIV has
not changed since the virus was discovered in 1986. Midwest 3870 111 (2.9) 102 (2.6)
At a Glance Source Clinic (indoors only) 3613 53 (1.5) 32 (0.9)
Epidemiology Clinic (outdoors access) 6357 232 (3.6) 273 (4.3) Disclaimer
Page XXX
About These Guidelines These guidelines
Shelter (relinquished pet) 2809 41 (1.5) 38 (1.4)
This report is an abridged version of the Retrovirus Guidelines are not exclusive.
Preventing FeLV and FIV Infection
Page XXX
of the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) to Shelter (stray) 4550 71 (1.6) 75 (1.6) Other techniques and
guide veterinary practitioners who want to optimize the care Shelter (feral) 709 12 (1.7) 28 (3.9) procedures may be
Limiting Transmission in the Veterinary Practice and management of feline patients. It represents a consensus available. The AAFP
Page XXX
of current information compiled by the researchers and Age Juvenile 9556 131 (1.4) 100 (1.0) expressly disclaim
Diagnosing FeLV and FIV practitioners on the panel. Adult 8482 278 (3.3) 346 (4.1) any warranties or
Page XXX The guidelines in this report are based on the best research guarantees, express
Managing Positive Cats data, clinical experience and technical judgments available at Sex Spayed female 2611 45 (1.7) 82 (1.2) or implied, and shall
❯❯ Margie Scherk, DVM,
Page XXX the time of preparation. While the guidelines are as accurate Neutered male 2984 88 (2.9) 127 (4.3) not be liable for any
and comprehensive as possible, they are subject to change damages of any kind
should new insights become available from additional Sexually intact female 6588 128 (1.9) 44 (1.7) in connection with
*This is an abridged version of the full guidelines (Levy JC, research or technological updates. Sexually intact male 5855 148 (2.5) 193 (3.3) the material, informa-
Crawford C, Hartmann K, et al. 2008 American Associa-
The AAFP is a professional organization of practitioners and tion, techniques, or
tion of Feline Practitioners’ feline retrovirus management
DABVP (Feline Medicine)
guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2008;10[3]:300-316), available board-certified specialists who seek to raise the standards of Health status Healthy 15,312 238 (1.6) 280 (1.8) procedures set forth
at Catvets.com from the American Association of Feline feline medicine and surgery among practitioners. Sick 2726 171 (6.3) 166 (6.1) in these guidelines.
Practitioners (AAFP). Adapted with permission of AAFP.
472 Compendium | June 2009 | CompendiumVet.com CompendiumVet.com | June 2009 | Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians® 473
Vancouver, British Columbia
The new Feline Focus series begins on page 264.
Feline Focus
B
y now, you know that Compendium is launch- the cornerstone to management and prevention
ing several new series this year, and excite- of the spread of FeLV and FIV and that all cats
ment is building! So what’s new in the should be tested, especially when they are ill?
journal for you and your feline patients? The Vaccination should be considered only in adult
American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) cats that are deemed to live in an at-risk environ-
is partnering with Compendium to shine the ment (i.e., FeLV and FIV vaccines are not core
spotlight on cats on a quarterly basis in Feline for adult cats). However, FeLV vaccination is now
Focus! This series will provide you with pertinent recommended as core for cats younger than 1
and timely updates in feline medicine, covering year. Do you know what the risk for FeLV or FIV
a myriad of useful and useable facts to help you is in your region?
help cats in your practice. It will include brief In addition to providing recommendations on
abstracts and conference pearls; how-to articles preventing retrovirus infections, the guidelines are
about approaching specific problems in cats, as an excellent source of information about caring for
well as handling and working more peacefully retrovirus-positive cats—not only pet cats but also
and effectively with the more difficult members of those in cattery, shelter, and rescue situations. Do
this species; and summaries of AAFP guidelines. clients ask you whether fencing is adequate for iso-
lation of retrovirus-positive cats from uninfected
While FIV and FeLV vaccines are not cats, or what kinds of disinfectant they need to use?
Do you know how often a cat with FeLV should
considered core for adult cats, FeLV is a be examined and which tests should be conducted
core vaccine for cats younger than 1 year. at each visit, or what drugs have been shown to
be effective in the treatment of FeLV or FIV? If
Every column will be peer-reviewed by a dip- the answers to any of these questions intrigue you,
lomate specialist and approved by a representa- the practical, scientifically solid article in this issue
tive of the AAFP. Together, Compendium and the should be a useful clinic resource.
AAFP want to provide more access to informa- Welcome to Feline Focus! We look forward to
tion about feline medicine, brought to you by growing a relationship with you based on solid,
sources you know you can trust. practical feline facts.
In this premiere offering of Feline Focus, we
are pleased to share with you the 2008 AAFP Cheers!
Feline Retrovirus Management Guidelines. Not Margie
excited yet? Let me whet your appetite. For exam-
ple, did you know that testing, not vaccination, is
CompendiumVet.com | June 2009 | Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians® 257