1. CHAPTER 5 The Technological Revolution and Effects on Business DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS (BUS2513)

2. Early milestones 5,000,000 BC Physical body with brainstem and cerebellum Natural gifts and endowments of ancient biped hominids Looked out over and moved through their dominions of grasslands and savannah Binocular vision, opposable thumb, running, walking, climbing, reaching, grasping, handling Brain development and three part brain Brain stem – governs basic requirements of life Cerebellum – governs movement, muscles, balance, co ordination Cerebrum – co ordinates thought, emotion, memory Complexity evolves from interactions with community and environment

3. 500,000 BC Fire probably discovered as natural occurrence and they learned to carry it and re create it Community and basic language development Hunting and weapons….stone and metals, jabbing and throwing, dynamics of mass, location Food preparation, containers, implements Early milestones 2,000,000 BC Need and insight drives innovation Homo habilis first toolsrtifacts for scraping, cutting and pounding

4. Evolvement into Sapien and our Prisca Sapiente Collective knowledge of our past 200,000 BC onwards Learning to speak and articulate ideas Aware and thinking life remembering and acting, using our minds to think Observers, incorporating memories and participating in our cultures People, learning, endeavors, aspirations, lasting achievements Lasting contributions Important discoveries and ideas Important religions and founders and beliefs

5. Land for food production for geographical advantage for water, minerals, gifts from the earth Labour slaves, beasts, tenant farmers soldiers guilds of producer providers merchants and traders Capital goods and inputs for basic goods Basic tools, techniques Metal, leather, wood, bone, stone, clay Early economies Post Ice Age 8,000 BC through Megalithic through Feudal age

6. Advances in Methods and techniques Materials Tools and technology Early advancements what you do and what with Passage of time and learning Changing conditions and circumstance Capable individuals and milestones Do not think our ancestors were dumb Great accomplishments in buildings maths, sciences, business, philosophy etc

7. Progression to modern times From Feudal to Mercantile Exploration, navigation, metals and trade goods Need to move and transport goods and people Pulleys, levers, gears, screws, basic man powered machines Political organization still around kings and aristocracy and military Development of more socioeconomic classes and wealth Seminal event Ghengis Khan, Kublai Khan and Cathay, led to Marco Polo Search for new trade routes as silk road control fragmented

8. Industrial revolution Scientific principles Geography and flora and fauna, metals Machinery and locomotive power Utilities, fuel, coal More complex capital goods More complex production machinery New materials, methods Widening varieties of economic endeavor, markets Political economic development Decline in ancient privileges in lands and government Economic thinking and theories and formsow are resources shared Government and economies

9. Technology revolution More scientific discovery and uses and applications Electricity, oil, more forms of power to move objects Natural resources, metals Materials, atomic structure Road rail sea and sky vehicles Biology, medicine, genetic codes Environment and geography and flora and fauna Widening opportunities to provide things Well formed capital markets Well educated human resources Wide variety of economic endeavor More complex ideas and concepts

10. Individual sector growth and advancement and complexity Technology revolution Plastics Automotive Parts Film & CD’s Drugs Paints Foods & Flavours Clothing Building Materials Soaps & Detergents Forensics Medical Research Furniture Fertilizers Etc. Resins & Adhesives Modern Chemical Industry – variety of applications

11. STRATEGIC BREAKTHROUGHS

12. Energy and environment This crucial field should see major breakthroughs as the energy/environment challenge reaches critical levels over the coming decades.

13. Space Space Tourism may be the next major advance in this field, followed by Moon/Mars projects about 2020 and exotic technologies much later.

14. Manufacturing & Robotics TechCast follows only a few selected technologies as yet, and they all cluster at mid-range when manufacturing matures.

15. Transportation A wave of breakthroughs is likely to revolutionize transportation over the next 20 years

16. Medicine & Biogenetics These forecasts show that medicine & biogenetics will take 2-3 decades to realize the vast potential of the DNA revolution.

17. Major IT advances are likely to roll on for the next 2 decades, ending about 2020 with IT matures. Information Technology

18. Ecommerce These forecasts suggest that various commercial uses of E-Commerce should reach 30% adoption levels by 2015

19. All fields www.techcast.org Latest Strategic Analyses

25. Co-Evolution of Key IT Components

26. Early models – Anthony’s model

27. Stages of IT/IS evolution in relation to expenditure – Nolan and Gibson

30. DP ‘Era’ - Internal to External View Managing the IS/IT activities Managing the IT/IS Department Relationships with other departments IS role in the Enterprise

33. MIS ‘Era’ - External to Internal View Managing the IS/IT activities Managing the IT/IS Department Relationships with other departments IS role in the Enterprise

36. Summary of Trends in Evolution

37. The 3 Era Model seen today…

38. 4 th Era?????? You are not alone…

40. An example of a network Router Internet Segment Node Hub Hub Bridge

44. Types of Networks Local-area networks connected across a distance to create a wide-area network

58. CSMA/CD Collision A B C D A B C D A B C D

68. Packet Switching Messages sent by packet switching Take a message, break it into three packets, and simulate this process

71. The Layers in the ISO/OSI RF Model Physical: Transmit raw bits over the medium. Data Link: Implements the abstraction of an error free medium (handle losses, duplication, errors, flow control). Network: Routing. Transport: Break up data into chunks, send them down the protocol stack, receive chunks, put them in the right order, pass them up. Session: Establish connections between different users and different hosts. Presentation: Handle syntax and semantics of the info, such as encoding, encrypting. Application: Protocols commonly needed by applications (cddb, http, ftp, telnet, etc).

76. High-Level Protocols Some protocols and the ports they use Port A numeric designation that corresponds to a particular high-level protocol

79. Firewalls A firewall protecting a LAN

81. Network Addresses Class A: first byte network address and three bytes for host number Class B: first two bytes for network address and two bytes for host number Class C: first three bytes for network address and one byte for host number An IP address is stored in four bytes Where does the host number come from?

84. Domain Name System Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones