2.  Biodiversity is a term used to describe the
diversity of life.
 Variety and differences among organisms in
Terrestrial
Marine
Other aquatic ecosystems
 Of the ecological complexes of which they
are a part.

7.  GENETIC
 SPECIES
 ECOSYSTEM
 LANDSCAPE

8.  Species is defined as a group of organisms capable
of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
or
 Species is a group or class of animals and plants
having certain common and permanent
characteristics that clearly distinguish it from other
groups and have a passage of a common gene.
 Species Diversity - is the number of different
species of living things living in an area.

9.  Genetic differentiation within
species occurs
 Results from sexual
reproduction, in which genetic
differences between individuals
are combined in their offspring to
produce new combinations of
genes
 From mutations causing changes
in the DNA.
 Genetic diversity is usually
mentioned with reference to
agriculture and maintaining food
security.

10.  It is the variation of habitats, community types,
and abiotic environments present in a given area.
 Same set of animals and plants may be present in a
region but in different tropics (levels) of the
ecosystem.

11.  Global biodiversity
 Biological diversity at national level
 Regional or local biodiversity
 Regional diversity can be classified into
Alpha – at a particular point
Beta - at a particular locality
Gamma - at a particular region

12.  Since India is having all types of climatic regions ,
the biodiversity is very high.
 10 th rank among plant richness
 11 th in number of endemic species of higher
vertebrates
 6 th in centers of diversity and origin of food crops
 India is one of the 12 mega diversity nations
 India is considered to be the origin of 5000 species
of flowering and 320 species of food plants
 The marine diversity of India is still to be explored.

13.  According to a report (1996), India is estimated to
have over
45,000 plant species - 7% of the world’s flora
81,000 animal species - 6.5% of fauna.
 The 1999 report says
49,219 plant species - 12.5%
81,251 animal species - 6.6%.

14.  Bacteria – 850
 Fungi – 23,000
 Algae – 2500
 Reptiles – 428
 Birds – 1228
 The numbers will
increase if a thorough
Survey is done again.

15.  Endemism – when a particular species is restricted
to particular region then it is endemic - Red panda
 If the endemic species contribute more than 0.5%
of the species , then the place is considered as a
biodiversity hotspot
 There are 25 hot spots in the world.
 India has some parts in two hot spots.
 Western Ghats - Srilanka
 Eastern Himalayas – Indo Burman

16.  The hot spots occupy 2% of the land area of earth
 They contain 50% of the biodiversity.
 40% of plants 25% of vertebrates are endemic to
hot spots
 Roughly we can say that hot spots are in
Western Amazon , Madagascar
North and Central Borneo
North East Australia and West Africa.

18.  Due to careless human activities the biodiversity is
under serious threat.
 If biodiversity is going on decreasing it will not only
affect the animals but ultimately human who is on
the top of the food chain.
 Causes of threats
Habitat destruction
Fragmentation
Poaching

24.  Broad-scale commercial and conservation
strategies need to be developed
 must take into account the economic and
environmental constraints of the particular country
(i.e., detailed local knowledge!)
 There must be designated core and buffer
conservation zones
 centered around areas of particular endemism
(other areas can be designated for limited
sustainable commercial activities.
(polycyclic logging, selective extraction of forest
products etc.)

25. Total area: 39 ha; core: 2 Total area: 42 ha; core: 25
Research and training
Multiple-use
Buffer Tourist facility
Core
Human settlement

26.  Due to the serious human activities some of the
animals have totally vanished, which are called the
extinct species
 DODO, passenger pigeon, cheetah(in India)
 Some of the species are present in so low in
numbers which can become extinct are called
endangered species
 Asian Elephant, Gharial, Peacock.

27. SOME OF THE
ENDANGERED
ANIMALS

34.  Consumptive
 Productive
 Service
 Ethical
 Social
 Aesthetic
 optional

35.  Food – among known 80,000 food crops 90% are
from the wild ancestoral crops.
 Drugs and medicine – around 75% people are
relying on herbal remedies for ailments.
 The field of alternate medicines depends on the
plant products hence on the biodiversity.
 Ayurvedha , Siddha , Unani systems either use
herbal as such or the products derived from plants.

36.  Many of the forest products are precious hence
they are exploited to the maximum.
 The products which are got from the forests and
directly merchandised come under the productive
value.
 Elephant tusks – used in show pieces
 Tiger bones and testis – Chinese medicine
 Skins of tigers, red panda, cheetah and snakes.