1. Personal Control
Beliefs
Chapter 9

3. MOTIVATION TO EXERCISE
PERSONAL CONTROL
Expectancy
A subjective predication of how likely it is that an event will occur
Efficacy
Expectations
Motivation to
Exercise
Personal Control
Outcome
Expectations

4. Two Kinds of Expectancy
Outcome
Efficacy Expectation Expectation
“Can I do it?” “Will it work?”
Expectation of being able Expectation that one’s
to enact the behaviors one behavior will produce
needs in order to cope positive outcomes (or
effectively with the prevent negative
situation at hand. outcomes).
Figure 9.1 Two Kinds of Expectation: Efficacy and Outcome

5. Perceived Control:
Self, Action, and Control
Efficacy Outcome
Expectations Expectations
Perceived Control
Figure 9.2 Self  Action  Control Model of Perceived Control

6. Self-efficacy

7. Sources & Effects of Self-Efficacy
Personal Behavior Choice
History (Approach vs. Avoid)
Vicarious
Experience Extent of Effort and
(Modeling) Self- Persistence
Efficacy
Verbal Persuasion Thinking and
(Pep Talk)
Decision Making
Physiological Emotional
Activity Reactions
(Stress, Anxiety)
Figure 9.3 Sources and Effects of Self-Efficacy Beliefs

8. Empowerment
Empowerment involves possessing the knowledge, skills, and beliefs
that allow people to exert control over their lives.

9. Empowering People:
Mastery Modeling Program
How to Implement a Mastery Modeling Progr am
1. Expert identifies component skills involved in effective coping and measures novices’ efficacy
expectation on each component skills.
2. Expert models each component skill, emphasizing the novices’ most worrisome skill areas.
3. Novices emulate each modeled skill. Expert provides corrective feedback, as needed.
4. Novices integrate the separate component skills into an overall simulated performance.
Expert introduces only mild obstacles and helps novices integrate the different skill
components into a coherent overall performance.
5. Novices participate in cooperative learning groups. One person gives a simulated performance
while peers watch. As they watch, peers provide encouragement and tips.
Each person takes a turn until everyone has performed multiple times.
6. Novices perform individually in a near-naturalistic situation that features numerous and
realistic difficulties, obstacles, and setbacks while the expert provides modeling and corrective
feedback.
7. Expert models confident demeanor and arousal-regulating techniques.

10. MAS TERY
BELIEFS

11. Ways of Coping
Way of Coping Illustr ation
Taking action by moving toward and interacting with the
Approach vs. Avoidance
problem vs. walking away from the problem
Social vs. Solitary Taking action with a team of others vs. acting alone
Proactive vs. Reactive Taking action to prevent a problem before vs. after it occurs
Taking action oneself versus enlisting the help of an
Direct vs. Indirect
intermediary who takes the direct action
Control vs. Escape Take-charge approach versus staying clear of the situation
Alloplastic vs. Taking action to change the problem versus taking action
Autoplastic to change oneself
Problem Focused vs. Taking action to manage the problem causing the stress
Emotion Focused versus regulating one’s emotional response to the problem

12. Mastery versus Helplessness

13. LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
The psychological state that results when an individual expects that
life’s outcomes are uncontrollable.
Outcomes that Happen to
My Behavior
Me
Other (Uncontrollable)
Influences

14. Learned Helplessness
Seligman and Maier Experiment on Learned Helplessness

15. Learned
Helplessness
Results of a Prototypical Learned Helplessness Study
Experimental
Phase 1 Phase 2 Results
Condition
Received shock, no
Inescapable Received an Failed to escape from
coping response could
Shock escapable shock the shock
terminate the shock
Received shock,
Quickly learned to
Escapable pressing nose against Received an
escape shock by
Shock button could terminate escapable shock
jumping over barrier
shock
Quickly learned to
Control, No Received an
Received no shock escape shock by
Shock escapable shock
jumping over barrier

16. Application to Humans
Learned Helplessness Study with Humans
Authentic
Feedback
(Controllable Problem)
vs.
Random and
Bogus Feedback
(Uncontrollable Problem)

17. Components
Objective relationship Subjective personal Listless, demoralized
between a person’s control beliefs coping behavior
behavior and the
environment’s • Biases
outcomes • Attributions
• Expectancies

18. Effects of Helplessness
Decreased Acquired pessimistic Energy-depleting
willingness to try set that interferes emotions
“Why try?“ with one’s ability to (e.g., Listlessness,
learn new response- apathy, depression)
outcome
contingencies

19. Helplessness and Depression
Perceived Control Judgments for Depressed and Nondepressed Individuals

20. Explanatory Style

21. Criticisms & Alternative Explanations

22. REACTANCE THEORY

23. Reactance and Helplessness
Integrative Model of Reactance and Learned helplessness

24. Putting It All Together:
Hope
Self-Efficacy Mastery Motivation