1. HOW DO LEDs COMPARE
WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE
FLUORESCENT
INDUCTION
HALOGEN
PLASMA
HID
MAY 15, 2 - 5 PM
STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, LC
LIGHTING WIZARDS
1

2. STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO
• 22 years experience
– Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture designer,
consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher
• 500+ projects
• 30+ published articles
• 600+ seminars
– Including 4 Lightfairs & 3 IES Annual Conferences
• IES Member 1995 - 2008
– Currently on Visual Effects of Lamp Spectral Distribution Committee
• Certified Lighting Energy Professional by AEE
– CLEP Review Board
• Lighting Certified by NCQLP
• Consultant for California Title 20 and Federal EPACT
• Consultant for Army Corp of Engineers CERL
• Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research
• DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee
2

3. FORMAT
• Since so many slides and not that
much time
– I will go pretty fast through many slides
• You can go through details in slides later on
your own
– Please hold your questions to the end or
after then end
• At least one break
3

4. DISCLAIMER
• I use to feel that I was totally on top of the subjects
that I would speak on
• But now with all of the developments with LEDs,
OLEDs, light emitting plasma and even incumbent
technologies for interiors and exteriors, it is almost
impossible for one person to be on top of
everything
• If any of you know significant details on any of
today’s material, please share it
– Without being an infomercial
• Plus there could be a bunch of brand new and very
good stuff in the exhibit halls this week
4

5. TERMINOLOGY
• Since I deal mainly with building
owners, facility managers, retrofit
contractors and ESCOs, I typically use
terms that they understand, such as
– Fixture instead of luminaire
– Out of fixture lumens per watt instead of
absolute testing
– LED fixture instead of SSL fixture
5

6. NO
ENDORSEMENTS
• Although several manufacturers and
models are listed, none are endorsed
• Easier to talk about specifics than
generalities
6

7. BACKGROUND INFO
• Please raise your hand if you are already aware of
– DOE Solid State Lighting Program, including CALiPER, etc.
– Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick
– Lighting Facts
– Energy Star
– DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified Product List
– L Prize
– Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards
– Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
– Lighting Research Center’s Solid State Lighting
– LEDs Magazine
– Architectural SSL Magazine
– L70, LM79 & LM80
• For those of you who are not familiar with some of them,
you can get information on the following slides, that I will
skip and start on slide 16 7

8. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting
– Google search ‘doe ssl’
• CALiPER test reports
• Benchmark reports
• Gateway studies
• Fact sheets
• Webinars
• More
8

9. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting
– Lighting Facts
• www.lightingfacts.com
– LEDs For Interior Applications
• PDF of March 18 webcast
• www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/events_detail.html?
event_id=4163
9

10. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy
– Commercial Building Energy Alliances
• Technology and System Specification
Development
– LED Refrigerated Case Lighting
– And there are others
• www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/tech
nologies.html
10

11. HELPFUL EMAIL
• Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick
– About once a week
– March 16 version focused on how bad LED T8s are
– www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/postings.html
– postings@lightingfacts.com
11

12. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Energy Star
– www.energystar.gov
• DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified
Product List
– www.designlights.org/solidstate.about.QualifiedPr
oductsList_Publicv2.php
• L Prize
– www.lightingprize.org
12

13. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards
– More residential
– Awards every September
– www.lightingfortomorrow.com
• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
– More commercial
– Awards every January
– www.ngldc.org
13

14. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Lighting Research Center
– www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp
• LEDs Magazine
– www.ledsmagazine.com
• Architectural SSL Magazine
– www.architecturalssl.com
14

15. L70, LM79 & LM80
• L70
– Rated life of LEDs, based when still have 70% of initial lumens
– Really projections
• LM79
– Total flux (light output), electrical power (wattage), efficacy (lumen/
watt), chromaticity out of the complete product or luminaire (fixture)
• LM80
– Lumen depreciation of LED chips from LED manufacturers, which
product manufacturers use with the thermal design of their
products
– Typically LED manufacturers test their chips for 6000 hours and
based on lumen depreciation over that time, useable life of the
chips is extrapolated until L70 is reached
– Within TM21 the IES is considering that life should not be
extrapolated more than 6 times testing duration
– LM80 is not the rated life of an LED product, because drivers, electrical
connections, product integrity, etc. may fail before the LEDs
15

16. POINTS
TO
PONDER
16

17. RAISE THE BAR
• It is more than just if LEDs are cost effective to
replace or instead of using not very good base
case
• It is if LEDs are cost effective compared to other
high performance technologies
• For example, a garage may have or is planned to
get ceiling fixtures with 175W quartz pulse start
MH and magnetic ballast, which is not the best
solution
– Yes, LED ceiling fixtures, maybe with high/low
occupancy sensors, would be cost effective
– But electronically ballasted 100W ceramic pulse start
MH or bi-level T8s may be more cost effective for
specific applications 17

18. DOLLARS PER 1000 LUMENS
• DOE has been doing a good job on this
– LED devices (not fixtures or replacement lamps)
• $10.00/klm in 2010
• $ 5.00/klm in 2012
• $ 2.00/klm in 2015
• Please compare that to some other technologies
now, which should not change much in the future
– $0.25 (after upstream rebate) 900 lumen screw-in CFL
• $ 0.28/klm
– $22 for 4 high lumen F32T8s & high performance ballast
• $ 2.04/klm
• With LED’s excellent optical control capability,
often need less lumens, which reduces cost
18

19. HAS THE LIGHTING
INDUSTRY EVOLVED?
• Up to 2 years ago, I would have said yes
• But the last two years a lot of the LED
marketing literature and sales people,
remind me of reflector and CFL marketing
literature and sales people in the late 80s to
mid 90s
– Way too many LED sales people know very little
about lighting and may have been selling cars
recently
• Many do not even know what LM79 and LM80 are
19

20. TRUTH IN ADVERTISING?
• Not only has the DOE CALiPER
Program revealed
– Many LED products not meeting
manufacturer specifications
– But also that many fluorescent,
incandescent and halogen products have
the same problem
20

21. TRUTH IN ADVERTISING?
• September 8, 2010... The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has sued
a California-based LED bulb manufacturer and its principals to stop them from
exaggerating the light output and life expectancy of its LED bulbs, and misleading
consumers.
• In its continuing effort to stop deceptive advertising the FTC filed a complaint
charging that since 2008, Lights of America, Inc. has overstated the light output and
life expectancy of its LED bulbs on packages and in brochures. The agency also
charges that Lights of America misled consumers about how the brightness of its
LED bulbs compare to traditional incandescent lights.
• The FTC notes that it authorizes the filing of a complaint when it has “reason to
believe” that the law has or is being violated, and it appears to the Commission that a
proceeding is in the public interest. The Commission also points out that a complaint
is not a finding or ruling that the defendants have actually violated the law.
• Copies of the Commission’s complaint and the press release
<http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/09/lightsofamerica.shtm> about it can be found on the
FTC web site.
21

22. ARE LEDS REALLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• Yes, fluorescent, HID and induction have
mercury
– But the manufacturers have been doing a very
good job reducing it
– Many states require recycling
– Many fixtures can be kept for a long time,
because lamps and ballasts can be easily
replaced
22

23. ARE LEDS REALLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• LEDs do not contain any mercury, but
– Toxic chemicals used in production
– Water in manufacturing wafers/chips
– Energy to mine, transport and melt the heavy metal into
bars, which will be used for heat sinks
– Energy to melt the metal bars into heat sinks
– Energy to transport the heavy fixtures
– Energy to ship decommissioned fixtures to recycler
– Energy to re-melt the heavy metal heat sinks into bars or
something directly useable after fixtures have been
decommissioned
23

24. ARE LEDS REALLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• DOE hired Carnegie Mellon to do a cradle-
to-cradle study to see if LEDs are really
more environmentally friendly than
incumbents
– Who knows when that study will be completed
• Until then…
– Please consider hanging up the phone and
kicking out all LED sales people that lay out the
marketing hype that LEDs are so much more
environmentally friendly
24

25. ARE LEDS REALLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• There is this good study for exterior
fixtures
– University of Pittsburgh’s Mascaro Center
for Sustainable Innovation’s ‘Life Cycle
Assessment of Streetlight Technologies’
• www.ledsmagazine.com/news/7/3/12?cmpid=En
25

26. MORE ON
ENVIRONMENTAL
• No matter what you specify or buy,
RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous
Substances) compliant is highly
recommended
– Already mandated in Europe
– For example, eliminates lead in solder
– Also mercury, cadmium, etc.
26

27. RUNNING COOL
• Although getting rid of heat can be important for fluorescent
lamps and electronic ballasts, drivers and generators, it is
especially important for LEDs
• Make sure that LED products that you are interested in
have excellent thermal design, unless they are going in
freezers
• Various LED cooling mechanisms are interesting
– Relatively thick and heavy metal fins
– Thin metal fins, like car radiators without liquid
– Fans, like in screw-in or GU24 lamps
– ‘Goo’ in loop with hot rising and cool coming back down to LEDs
– And others
27

28. TROPHY CHIPS
• In production runs, there are often some
LED chips that have very high lumens per
watt, which can be called trophy chips
• Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially
for large projects
– If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s)
from a manufacturer look very good, buy one or
more samples through a third party and
compare performance with original ones
28

29. WOW FACTOR
• Because LEDs are new and different, they
have the WOW factor much more than most
other lighting technologies
– But that not necessarily make them better with
regard to performance and cost effectiveness
• Early adopter manufacturers, specifiers,
contractors and end-customers are
important, but care should be taken not go
overboard
29

30. HALF & HALF
• I need to convince about half of my clients
that good LED products are ready for
prime time in specific applications
– Such as task lights, recessed can kits,
PAR38s & exterior fixtures
• I need to convince the other half that they
should not use LED products in specific
applications
– Especially LED T8s
30

31. PROJECTIONS
• We have a lot of good information about lumen
depreciation, life, color consistency, etc. with
incumbent technologies
– Although not even the first Philips induction systems have
been in exterior night time operation to see if they really
last 100,000 hours
• But so much information for LEDs are projections.
They may be good projects, but they are still
projections
– For example if LEDs are only tested for 6,000 hours, will
the extrapolation for 50,000 or more hours really hold up?
– Will the brand new LEDs, that have considerably more
lumens and lumens/watt than than previous generation,
have at least as good long term lumen maintenance, etc?
31

32. LONG TERM
FINANCIAL RETURN
• Yes, some LED products look good up to rated
life, which may be 50,000 hours
• But what about right after rated life when those
fixtures may have to be retrofitted or replaced?
• Recommended to do life cycle or other long term
cost effectiveness calculations at longer than rated
life, like maybe 150% of rated life
– May be expensive with LED products
– On the other hand, very easy and inexpensive to relamp
and reballast T8 fixtures decade after decade
32

33. DON’T CONSIDER AN LED
PRODUCT UNLESS
• LM79 report tested by a DOE or NVLAP approved
or CALiPER recognized lab
– Not just having the report, the results need to be good
compared to competitive products
• LM80 information
– Again, not just having the information, but how good is it
– A reminder, lumen maintenance is just one aspect of
luminaire life and reliability
• Also good if Energy Star rated
• Also good if on DesignLights Consortium SSL
Qualified Product List
33

34. JUST BECAUSE…
• Just because one LED fixture manufacturer
states 150,000 hours for rated life, and
another LED fixture manufacturer states 75
hours, does necessarily means that the first
manufacturer is better
– Maybe the second manufacturer is just more
conservative and realistic
34

35. WHICH COMPANIES
TO BUY FROM
• I have seen very good LED and other technology products
from manufacturers that I have never of before, many off
shore
– But I have not specified any of these products
• Only feel comfortable specifying LED and other new
technology products from manufacturers, which have
– Long enough track record, so have already learned by school of
hard knocks
• For example, surge protection
– Deep pockets or 3rd party insurance policy so can handle any
potential large scale warranty problems
35

36. WARRANTY
• Although standard warranty for exterior
LED fixtures is 5 years
– Usually can get a 10 year warranty by spending
an extra 10% initially, which is usually a good
deal, especially with the projections issues
previously discussed
• How credible is a 10 year or even a much
shorter warranty from an induction or LED
product manufacturer, which has only been
in business for 1 or 2 years?
36

37. DOWN THE ROAD WITH LED
PRODUCTS THAT ARE INSTALLED
• If hard-wired LED products are purchased
now, after warranty will manufacturer have
replacement LED assemblies, drivers, etc?
– If not that much light is needed, I have been
specifying new recessed cans with screw-in or
GU-24 bases and go with LED PAR38s, which
end-customers will be able to easily get and
install
37

38. FOR LED TO REALLY
BECOME MAINSTREAM
• Pricing to continue to come down
• Replaceable and interchangeable LED and driver
modules from several manufacturers
– Some manufacturers have already started this
– www.zhagastandard.org
• Constant lumens
– 30% lumen drop from initial to end of life is either too
much light initially so enough light at end of life or good
amount of light initially, which would be too little light at
end of rated life
– Several manufacturers are already doing this
38

39. RETROFIT OR REPLACE
LED FIXTURES
• Some exterior LED fixtures have modular LED bars
– So maybe in as few as 3 or 5 years when LEDs are so
much better than now, maybe could retrofit a 4 bar fixture
with 3 new bars, reducing wattage by 25%, and in
another 3 or 5 years, go down to 2 new bars
• Some other exterior LED fixture manufacturers
think that in 3, 5 or 10 years there will be an entire
different form factor, so fixtures should be replaced
– Hopefully these fixture manufacturers will pay shipping
costs so the valuable heat sink metal will be recycled and
provide a discount on replacement fixtures for customers
that originally bought from them
39

40. MAINTENANCE
• Maintenance people normally replace lamps when
they burn out
– Even if much more cost effective in most applications,
there is so little group relamping across the continent
• LEDs are like mercury vapor, which generally just
get dimmer and dimmer
– I have seen 1000W mercury vapor hibays that only
provide 5 footcandles, when much more is required, but
so many maintenance point at the hibay, say it is still
working and move on
40

41. MAINTENANCE
• There are already millions of first generation LED exit signs
that still work, but no longer provide sufficient light for NFPA
and/or city codes
– Most maintenance people do not want to retrofit or replace them,
because they are still working
– But with a fire or another emergency, this could lead to injury, death
and big time lawsuits
• With the transition to LEDs in most applications, there will
have to be major education and motivation to retrofit or
replace LED fixtures, when lose 30% of initial lumens
– Maybe do yearly light level tests
– Maybe get fixtures that have an internal timers or photocontrols that
flash the major LEDs or a test LED
– Maybe budget years in advance for retrofit or replacement costs
41

42. ESPECIALLY FOR EXTERIOR
• Since LED fixtures can provide sufficient light
between fixtures and to designated
perimeters without having excessive blob of
light underneath, why continue with average
footcandles?
• With LED’s rapid and significant performance
and pricing improvements will induction,
which is a mature technology, become
obsolete very soon for most applications?
42

43. BUY NOW OR LATER
• Since LEDs are getting so much better and lower
cost should you replace now or wait?
– Jim Brodrick’s computer analogy
– When will it not be the best solution to retrofit T12s and
basic grade T8s with high performance fluorescent T8
systems or go with new LED troffers instead of high
performance fluorescent T8 troffers?
• Interim solutions
– There are numerous applications that LEDs may not be
that cost effective yet, but should be in a year or few
– For example, if have standard halogen PAR lamps now,
could switch to halogen infrared versions now, and
when they burn out, go to LED
43

44. CONTENDERS
44

45. CONTENDERS
• LED
– Latest generation of chips and products
• T8s (fluorescent, not LED ones)
– High performance 32W F32T8 lamps & ballasts as
approved by Consortium of Energy Efficiency,
www.cee1.org
– With ballast, these lamps are more efficacious than
reduced wattage T8s, which have less lumens
– There are also extra long life T8s with up to 55,000
rated hours, which is longer than projected rated lives of
LED T8s
45

46. CONTENDERS
• Reduced wattage T5s
– 26W F28T5 lamps and high performance ballasts
– Same lumens as high lumen full wattage lamps
• Reduced wattage T5HOs
– 49W F54T5HO lamps and high performance ballasts
• Similar to 50 and 51W lamps that same lumens as full wattage lamps
– In general with fluorescents when go from standard to high output,
lumens go up, but lumens/watt go down
• I have not specified any T5HO systems in over 10 years
• (Comparing T8s with T5s and T5HOs)
– With larger optical compartments, fixture efficiency can be just as
good with T8s than with the smaller diameter lamps
– There are numerous BF ballasts to choose from with T8s, which
are not available with the smaller diameter lamps
– If want to maintain US and North American jobs, better to go with
T8 lamps, because most T5 and T5HO lamps are manufactured
overseas 46

47. CONTENDERS
• HID
– Mainly ceramic metal halide (CMH) with electronic ballast
• Long warm up and restrike times
– HPS will be included for some exterior applications
• Induction
– Only Philips and Sylvania included, because decent chance of long
term replacement parts and warranty support
– In general, days of induction will be limited with rapid LED
improvements and price reductions
– Realistic system rated life is 60,000 - 70,000 hours before
significant maintenance will be required
– Lamps are so large, so really need a kitchen sink size fixture for
any decent optical control
47

48. CONTENDERS
• Plasma
– Mainly Luxim, www.luxim.com, which can call it LEP for light
emitting plasma
– There are other manufacturers as well
• Halogen infrared PAR and MR16 lamps
– From big three lamp manufacturers and others
– Really not that efficacious, but since relatively inexpensive, can be
a good interim solution
• In niche applications, sources like CFLs, neon, etc. could
be considered, but they are not included in this
presentation
48

49. LETS GET
DOWN TO SOME
GENERAL
COMPARISONS
49

50. LIGHT
PER
WATT
50

51. LUMENS PER WATT
• LED
– 6000K typically has about
• 10 - 20% more lumens per watt than 4000K
• 20 - 25% more lumens per watt than 3500K
– For exterior applications that lower CRI is okay 4000K
chips can have about the same lumens per watt has
higher CRI 6000K chips
– Most ‘white’ LEDs are really blue LEDs with similar
phosphors that fluorescents use
• The less that the spectrum has to be shifted to a lower CCT from
6000K, the more efficient the blue/phosphor conversion
• But 6000K will typically not work in interior applications
51

52. LUMENS PER WATT
• LED
– Developments are being made with lower Kelvin LEDs
getting closer to the efficacy of 6000K
– LEDs from some manufacturers may have lower lumens
and lumens per watt at optimal temperature, but better
performance at higher temperatures
52

53. INITIAL LUMENS PER WATT COMPARISON
amplifier, ballast, initial system high performance initial fixture lumens
lamp
driver, generator lumens per watt fixture efficiency per watt
latest generation LED electronic driver 40 - 130
320W CMH electronic ballast 110 85 94
high performance 32W high performance
100 87 87
F32T8 electronic ballast
high performance
26W F28T5 100 87 87
electronic ballast
high performance
49W F54T5HO 95 87 83
electronic ballast
185W plasma lamp electronic amplifier 84 90 76
150W induction electronic generator 77 75 58
60W PAR38
none 19 100 19
halogen infrared
Above numbers are not exact and may change. Plus there are temperature issues and so many fixture types.
53

54. LED APPROXIMATE LUMENS PER WATT
CHIP FIXTURE
TIME (UP TO) AT STEADY
WITHOUT DRIVER OR
FRAME STATE TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
INCLUDING FIXTURE
LOSSES
EFFICIENCY
PAST 70 40
2009 100 70
2010 120-130 90-100
2011 150- 160 120-130
Although some chips have better LPW without
heat losses, other chips perform better in real
life applications
54

55. 55

56. 56

57. FOOTCANDLES
PER WATT
• Footcandles per watt is probably better than
lumens per watt, especially for most LED
products and halogen infrared spots
– Will show street lighting comparison example
later
57

58. RATED
LIFE
58

59. RATED LIFE COMPARISON
product rated life in hours notes
interior LED lamp or fixture, Really depends on thermals.
25,000 - 50,000
including driver, etc. Some products have a shorter life if recessed compared to open
exterior LED fixture, 60,000 - 75,000 hours is a good target.
50,000 - 100,000
including driver, etc. Will drivers, etc. really last longer than 60,000 hours?
There is more to it than just the 100,000 hour rating in lamp
induction lamp & electronic generator 60,000 - 70,000
catalogs.
CMH lamp Lower wattage lamps tend to have shorter lives.
10,000 - 30,000
(driven by electronic ballast) Some electronic ballasts can substantially increase lamp life.
highest-lumen long-life T8 lamp 30,000 - 40,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycles.
(driven by electronic program start ballast) 36,000 - 42,000 Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
mid-lumen extra-long-life T8 lamp 40,000 - 52,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycles.
(driven by electronic program start ballast) 46,000 - 55,000 Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
T5 lamp 25,000 - 30,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycles.
(driven by electronic program start ballast) 30,000 - 40,000 Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
T5HO lamp 25,000 - 45,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycles.
(driven by electronic program start ballast) 30,000 - 60,000 Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
plasma lamp
50,000 Amplifier life may need further research.
(driven by electronic amplifier)
One way for long life is to use 130V lamp @ 120V, which also
halogen infrared PAR lamp 3,000 - 6,000
reduces light output.
electronic ballasts in general 60,000 Longer if run cool and shorter if run hot.
Rated lives may be slightly different for certain products from certain manufacturers.
59

60. RATED LIFE
• Exterior LED fixtures are typically rated longer than
interior LED fixtures, because can usually have
more heat sinks and are run at night, which is
cooler than in most conditioned buildings
• For exterior fixtures, usually good to use 50,000 -
75,000 hours when comparing LED and induction
– That is 12 - 18 years at all night burns
• How long will exterior fixtures really last with wind,
rain, snow, lightning strikes, etc?
• Heat is enemy of all electronics, including ballasts,
generators, drivers and amplifiers
60

61. END OF LIFE
LUMEN
MAINTENANCE
61

62. END OF LIFE LUMEN MAINTENANCE COMPARISON
percent of initial
product notes
lumens
Without any constant lumen mechanism, either too bright initially
LED 70%
or too dim at end of life.
This is based on 100,000 hours. Even at 60,000 - 70,000 hours,
induction lamp 63 - 70% without any constant lumen mechanism, either too bright initially
or to dim at end.
Probe start MH lamps with magnetic ballasting can have down to
CMH lamp 80%
45%.
highest-lumen long-life T8 lamp 92%
mid-lumen extra-long-life T8 lamp 91%
T5 lamp 92%
T5HO lamp 89%
plasma lamp ?
halogen infrared PAR lamp 95 - 100%
Numbers can vary with various wattages from various manufacturers.
62

63. FROM FINELITE 63

64. END OF LIFE
LUMEN MAINTENANCE
• Although mean or design lumens, which is
at 40% of rate life, is often used with
incumbent technologies
– End of life is often better
• For example, make sure sufficient light in a hibay
at end of a rack aisle right before MH lamp burns
out
64

65. COLOR
RENDERING
65

66. COLOR RENDERING INDEX COMPARISON
product CRI notes
halogen infrared PAR 100
800 series fluorescent 80 - 85
induction 80
LED 70 - 92+ Sometimes can get more lumens with lower CRI.
CMH 70 - 95 Sometimes can get more lumens with lower CRI.
plasma 72 - 94 Higher lumens with lower CRI.
Numbers can vary with various wattages from various manufacturers.
66

67. COLOR RENDERING
• CRI (Color Rendering Index)
– Based on how ‘natural’ pastel or unsaturated colors look
with various light sources
– Works fairly well for all incumbent light sources
67

68. COLOR RENDERING
• Although LEDs do not always do well with pastel
colors, they often do very well with bright or
saturated colors
– Often people think that LEDs with lower CRI make bright
colors look more natural than other light sources that
have higher CRI
– So do not automatically think that lower CRI LEDs are
inferior
– But there are numerous LED products with 90+ CRI,
which is excellent
• There is work going to replace CRI with another
color matrix that will include both
pastel/unsaturated and bright/saturated colors
68

69. KELVIN
69

70. KELVIN
• With LEDs Kelvin and lumens are usually related
– Most common way to get white light is using a blue LED
with phosphor similar to the the phosphor used in
fluorescents
• More that high Kelvin bluish light has to be transformed to lower
Kelvin, more light is lost
• Fluorescents and induction lumens do not drop off
with at low Kelvin and may drop off slightly at high
Kelvin
• CMH, halogen and some other light sources pretty
much have fixed Kelvin
70

71. KELVIN
• High Kelvin, like 4000 - 6000K LEDs may be okay
for exterior applications, but 3000 - 3500K Kelvin
LEDs work best in interior applications
• Don’t know exactly why but lower Kelvin LEDs
seem to match higher Kelvin fluorescent
– For example, 3500K LED task lights look very good with
5000K fluorescent ambient lights in offices
71

72. LONG
TERM
COLOR
CONSISTENCY
72

73. LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY
• LED
– There are three common ways to get white light
• As previously discussed, most common is white LED,
which is really blue LED and yellow phosphor
• Blue and/or other LEDs with remote phosphor
– Phosphor is subjected to less heat, so degrades more
slowly
– Easier to match color among units because individual LED
light (which can vary) is correctly mixed in one optical
chamber
– Can also add other LED colors to fill out spectrum
• RGB (red, green and blue LEDs)
– Reverse rainbow
73

74. LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY
• LED
– All can have color shift over time
• Wavelength of blue LEDs can change over time and the
phosphor can change as it ages and gets baked in its own way
• Various color LEDs have different lumen maintenance curves,
so if there no feedback loop with dimming drivers, color can
easily shift
– With being so new, we have not really seen the potential
full impact of LEDs changing colors over time
– This could be an issue down the road in spaces with new
and older LED fixtures or replacement lamps
– Cree’s TrueWhite system has a feedback loop with
yellow and red LEDs
74

75. LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY
• Fluorescent and other incumbents
typically have very stable color from
initial to end of life
75

76. DIMMING
76

77. DIMMING
• LED
– LED chips dim quite well
– But not all LED fixtures or replacement lamps are
designed to dim
• DOE has found that
– Some LED products, which are listed to dim, do not dim well with
some or most dimmers
– Some LED products, which are not listed to dim, do dim well with
some or most dimmers
– Some LED products list approved incandescent dimmers
– Since LEDs can get more efficient when they dim,
because they run cooler when dimmed, LEDs will
probably be the future of dimming
• But may really need dedicated dimmers that provide full power to
the driver instead of incandescent type dimmers
77

78. DIMMING
• Fluorescent
– Fluorescents with dimming ballasts can dim, but
• Lumens per watt gets worse, because the more
dimming, the more power has to go to heating the
cathodes of the lamps
• Dimming ballasts are expensive
– CFLs have some special characteristics
• Dedicated dimmable screw-ins usually cannot dim
below 20%
• CFLs turn grayish or bluish when dimmed, which is
opposite of our cave man (or cave woman) heritage
78

79. DIMMING
• Halogen
– Can dim very easy and well
• CMH
– Can dim quite well with electronic ballast
• But only down to about 50% before turning green
– Since no lamp cathode heating, can be more efficient
than fluorescent dimming
• Induction
– Philips may introduce a dimming generator soon
– Sylvania may come out with a bilevel generator
• Plasma
– Can dim quite well down to 20% with electronic digital
amplifier 79

80. NOW
SOME
SPECIFIC
INTERIOR
COMPARISONS
80

81. LINEAR
REPLACEMENT
LAMPS
81

82. LED T8s
• These are listed first, because so important
• There are hordes of sales people trying to
sell these, because of potential huge volume
and profit
– Often Pinocchio-nose marketing hype
• But the DOE has not tested one yet is nearly
as good as high performance fluorescent
T8s with high performance ballasts
• Lamp cost can often range from $40 to $150
with proposed up to 50,000 hour realistic life
82

83. LED T8s
• How they are connected
– Some use existing fluorescent ballast, which
consumes extra wattage, and the ballast would
have to be replaced when it burns out
• Ballasts typically have 60,000 hour rated life
– Some have internal driver, which requires
removing existing fluorescent ballast and rewiring
to lamp holders
• May void UL listing of fixture
– Some come with their external drivers
83

84. LED T8s
• DOE documents
– Performance of T12 and T8 Fluorescent lamps and LED Linear
Replacement Lamps
• January 2009 Benchmark Report
• Includes that since LED T8s mainly shine light down, so between
fixtures and walls can be quite dark
– CALIPER Round 9 & 11
– LED Performance Specification Series: T8 Replacement Lamps
• Asking Manufacturers for at least 2,700 lumens
– That would require them to be 2 to 3 times more efficient than existing while
keeping their existing 15 - 20 watts
• April 2010
• http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/t8_replacement
84

85. LED T8s
• LEDs often do not do that well taking the shapes of
other technology lamps
– Difficulty with distribution, heat sinks, etc.
• What looks really ugly
– In parabolic troffers
85

86. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Since many rebate programs require what
are called high performance, super or 3rd
generation T8s and what are called basic
grade or 1st generation T8s will not be
allowed to sold in 2012, we will just focus on
the good ones
– Highest lumen long life
• www.cee1.org
– Extra long life mid lumen
86

87. 4' T8 LAMP LIFE, LUMENS, CRI & MERCURY
3000-4100K 5000K MAX LAMP LIFE HOURS
LAMP WATTS CATALOG CRI CATALOG
CRI
MG INSTANT START PROGRAM START
LUMENS LUMENS OF HG 3 HR 12 HR 3 HR 12 HR
1.7 - 15,000 - 20,000 - 20,000 - 24,000 -
1st GENERATION - GENERIC 32 2800 75-78 2800 75-78
<10 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
2nd GENERATION - 2800 - 1.7 - 15,000 - 20,000 - 20,000 - 24,000 -
32 2950 81-85 80-85
GENERIC 2950 <10 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
GE HL 32 3100 82 3000 80 3.95 25,000 36,000 36,000 42,000
GE SXL 32 2850 81+ 2750 80 3.95 31,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
PHILIPS ADV 32 3100 85 3100 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
PHILIPS PLUS 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 30,000 36,000 36,000 42,000
PHILIPS ADV XLL 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
SYLVANIA XP 32 3000 85 2850 85 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XPS 32 3100 85 3100 81 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XP/XL 32 2950 85 2900 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000
GE SPX 28W 28 2725 82 2625 80 3.95 24,000 30,000 36,000 42,000
PHILIPS ADV 28W 28 2725 85 2675 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
SYLVANIA XP 28W 28 2725 85 2650 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XP XL 28W 28 2600 85 2600 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000
GE SPX 25W 25 2400 85 2350 80 3.95 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
PHILIPS ADV 25W 25 2500 85 2400 85 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
PHILIPS ADV XLL 25W 25 2400 85 2350 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
SYLVANIA XP 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XP XL 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000
1.4 - 20,000 - 25,000 -
F28T5 25-28 2900+ 85 2750+ 85 * *
2.5 30,000 40,000
1.4 - 20,000 - 25,000 -
F54T5HO 49-54 5000 85 4800+ 85 * *
2.5 45,000 60,000
Lamp manufacturers may alter rated lamp life and lumen specifications, so get updates from manufacturers.
Prepared by Stan Walercyk of Lighing Wizards 1/1/11 version. www.lightingwizards.com
87

88. 4' LINEAR FLUORESCENT EFFICACY TABLE
initial lamp mean or mean or
initial mean or
catalog or lumens standard initial 8000 hour 8000 hour
lamp lamp ballast system system 8000 hour
4' lamp type photopic per ballast system lumen system
watts quant type watts lumens system
lamp lamp factor lumens maint- lumens per
per watt lumens
lumens watts enance watt
3100 32 96.9 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5394 101.8 95% 5124 96.7
high performance F32T83100 32 96.9 2 EE PS 1.15 70 7130 101.9 95% 6774 96.8
3100 32 96.9 2 G IS 0.87 58 5394 93.0 95% 5124 88.4
extra long life 2950 2950 32 92.2 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5133 96.8 95% 4876 92.0
lumen F32T8 2950 32 92.2 2 G IS 0.87 58 5133 88.5 95% 4876 84.1
2800 32 87.5 2 EE IS 0.87 53 4872 91.9 95% 4628 87.3
basic grade F32T8
2800 32 87.5 2 G IS 0.87 58 4872 84.0 95% 4628 79.8
2850 30 95.0 2 EE IS 0.87 51 4959 97.2 95% 4711 92.4
30W F32T8
2850 30 95.0 2 G IS 0.87 55 4959 90.2 95% 4711 85.7
2750 28 98.2 2 EE IS 0.87 48 4785 99.7 95% 4546 94.7
28W F32T8
2750 28 98.2 2 G IS 0.87 51 4785 93.8 95% 4546 89.1
2440 25 97.6 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4246 101.1 95% 4033 96.0
25W F32T8
2440 25 97.6 2 G IS 0.87 47 4246 90.3 95% 4033 85.8
extra long life 25W 2400 25 96.0 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4176 99.4 95% 3967 94.5
F32T8 2400 25 96.0 2 G IS 0.87 47 4176 88.9 95% 3967 84.4
high lumen F28T5 3050 28 108.9 2 EE PS 0.95 58 5795 99.9 93% 5389 92.9
typical F28T5 2900 28 103.6 2 PS 1.00 64 5800 90.6 93% 5394 84.3
26W F28T5 2900 26 111.5 2 EE PS 0.95 55 5510 100.2 92% 5069 92.2
26W high lumen F28T5 3050 26 117.3 2 EE PS 1.15 67 7015 104.7 92% 6454 96.3
51W F54T5HO 5000 51 98.0 2 EE PS 1.00 108 10000 92.6 92% 9200 85.2
typical F54T5HO 5000 54 92.6 2 PS 1.00 117 10000 85.5 93% 9300 79.5
F34T12 800 3100 34 91.2 2 RS E 0.85 60 5270 87.8 93% 4901 81.7
F34T12 CW 2650 34 77.9 2 RS M 0.88 72 4664 64.8 87% 4058 56.4
notes: Lumens, lumen maintenance, ballast factors and wattages may vary among various manufacturers.
In enclosed fixtures, since reduced wattage F32T8s consume less heat they can often operate closer to optimal 77 degrees F
temperature, so may provide more light than this table shows compared to full wattage.
Although efficacy can be improved with IS and RS ballasts with T5s and T5HOs, lamp life can be greatly reduced and lamp
manufacturers may not warranty lamps.
93% is used as an average EOL lumen maintenance for T5HOs. 90% - 94% range among manufacturers.
All wattages based on 277V. EE IS is extra efficient instant start. G IS is generic instant start. EE PS is extra efficient program start.
PS is program start. RS E is rapis start electronic. RS M is rapid start magnetic.
Extra long life is 36,000 hours with IS and 40,000 hours with PS ballasts at 3 hour cycles.
88
Prepared by Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards www.lightingwizards.com 11/11/09 version

89. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Some LED marketing literature and sales people try to make
fluorescent T8s look bad, like
– Stating that T8s only last 15,000 or even just 10,000 hours
• It is true that rated life for fluorescents, HID, incandescents and halogen
is when half of the lamps have burned out and half are still working in
laboratory conditions
– Small percentage of lamps may only last a few months
– Small percentage of lamps may last over a decade
– Large majority of T8 lamps will last at least 80% of rated life when not
turned on and off too much
• For example, most 42,000 hour rated T8 lamps will last at least 33,600 hours
when not turned on and off too much
• GE, Philips and Sylvania do a good job policing each other on lumen
and life ratings
89

90. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Starting is the hardest on fluorescent lamps
– Lamp life can really get short with instant start ballasts and
occupancy sensors that turn on and off the lights more than 4 times
per day on average
– Program start ballasts really help lamp life when lamps are cycled
on and off a lot
• When I go over the pros and cons of instant and program start ballasts
with T8s, over half of my clients select parallel wired program start
ballasts
• So the next time you see LED literature or hear an LED
sales person stating that good fluorescent T8 lamps last
less than 20,000 hours, you could
– Throw away the LED marketing literature
– Delete the LED file in your computer
– Hang up on the LED sales person
– Tell the LED sales person to leave
90

91. LED vs. FLUORESCENT T8s
2x4 lensed troffer with 4 F34T12CWs
$0.15 blended rate 3500 annual hours 1.1 reduced AC savings x $0.05 /KWH saved incentive 15 cumulative years in long term benefit
existing proposed notes
lamp life lamp life compre-
end of end of watt annual appr. pay-
annual @ 12 @ 12 hensive
type watts life lamp retrofit and relamping options life lamp watts reduc- elect. incen- tive installed back
elect. cost hour hour long term
lumens lumens tion savings cost (yrs)
cycles cycles benefit
may not be
4 1600 lumen 17W LED T8s 4480 50,000 68 76 $43.89 $13.30 $220.00 4.7 $714.99 sufficient light
long term
probably
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent
sufficient light
F32T8s in outboard lamp holders & 2-
4 F34T12 CW 5077 40,000 58 86 $49.67 $15.05 $55.00 0.8 $1,077.51 with better
lamp .89 BF high performace parallel
lamps, 2 2- thermals &
wired program start ballast
lamp energy fixture efficiency
saving 2 2950 lumen extra long life 32W probably
magnetic fluorescent F32T8s in outboard lamp sufficient light
ballasts, 144 $75.60 25,000 6500 holders & 2-lamp 1.00 BF high 5428 55,000 65 79 $45.62 $13.83 $57.00 0.9 $1,051.77 with better
angled sides performace parallel wired program start thermals &
with good ballast fixture efficiency
white paint &
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent
clear prismatic reflector may
F32T8s, 2-lamp .89 BF high performace
lens 5077 40,000 58 86 $49.67 $15.05 $65.00 1.0 $1,067.51 increase light
parallel wired program start ballast &
levels
white reflector
2 2950 lumen long life 32W fluorescent
reflector may
F32T8s, 2-lamp 1.00 BF high
5428 55,000 65 79 $45.62 $13.83 $67.00 1.2 $1,041.77 increase light
performace parallel wired program start
levels
ballast & white reflector
footnotes: Numbers in colored boxes can be changed, which automatically alters computations.
Copyright of Stan Walerczyk, LC, principal of Lighting Wizards. January 1, 2011 version.
91

92. LED vs. FLUORESCENT T8s
2x4 lensed troffer with 3 basic grade F32T8s
$0.15 blended rate 3500 annual hours 1.1 reduced AC savings x $0.05 /KWH saved incentive 15 cumulative years in long term benefit
existing proposed notes
compre-
lamp life end of end of lamp life watt annual appr. pay-
annual hensive
type watts @ 3 hour life lamp retrofit and relamping options life lamp @ 3 hour watts reduc- elect. incen- tive installed back
elect. cost long term
cycles lumens lumens cycles tion savings cost (yrs)
benefit
probably not
3 1600 lumen 17W LED T8s 3360 50,000 51 38 $21.95 $6.65 $165.00 7.2 $269.58 sufficient long
term light
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent sufficient light
F32T8s in outboard lamp holders & 2- with better
3 basic grade 5077 36,000 58 31 $17.90 $5.43 $55.00 2.8 $326.38
lamp .89 BF high performace parallel thermals &
F32T8s,
wired program start ballast fixture efficiency
generic 3-
lamp .88 BF 2 2950 lumen extra long life 32W probably
electronic fluorescent F32T8s in outboard lamp sufficient light
instant start 89 $46.73 20,000 6650 holders & 2-lamp .89 BF high 4831 52,000 58 31 $17.90 $5.43 $57.00 2.9 $351.23 with better
ballast, angled performace parallel wired program start thermals &
sides with ballast fixture efficiency
good white
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent
paint & clear reflector may
F32T8s, 2-lamp .71 BF high performace
prismatic lens 4050 36,000 46 43 $24.83 $7.53 $65.00 2.3 $464.01 allow sufficient
parallel wired program start ballast &
light
white reflector
2 2950 lumen long life 32W fluorescent
reflector
F32T8s, 2-lamp .89 BF high performace
4831 52,000 58 31 $17.90 $5.43 $67.00 3.4 $341.23 probably allow
parallel wired program start ballast &
sufficient light
white reflector
footnotes: Numbers in colored boxes can be changed, which automatically alters computations.
Copyright of Stan Walerczyk, LC, principal of Lighting Wizards. January 1, 2011 version.
92

93. MAYBE
SOMETHING
BETTER THAN
LED T8s
93

94. MAYBE SOMETHING BETTER
THAN LED T8s
• Kits for troffers, etc
– 2’ and 4’ long and about 1 - 2 inches wide LED bars
• Screwed into fixture, using fixture as a heat sink
– If external driver, mount it in ballast compartment
• Something like Albeo’s troffer conversion kit
– Google search ‘Albeo youtube’ for installation video
• Something like the LED bars and driver using in
the new Lithonia RT LED troffers
– www.lithonia.com/rtled
94

95. DECORATIVE
95

96. DECORATIVE
• Christmas/decorative lights
– LED versions are becoming a no brainer
• Small lamps in chandeliers
– Usually sparkle is important, and the amount of light is not critical
– Although there are decorative shaped CFLs with small bases, which
last much longer than incandescents, with white phosphor - No
Sparkle
– There are decorative LEDs available with small bases that have long
life and sparkle
• When getting these types of LED lights
– Get ones with good warranties
– Especially from big box stores. check with them if they require lumen
maintenance tests before they carry certain products
96

97. OMNI
DIRECTIONAL
(FANCY NAME FOR
SOMETHING LIKE AN A19)
97

98. LED
• Getting better all of the time, but still not
really cost effective to replace CFLs
• But when there is at least one winner of the
L Prize in this category, they should be
ready for prime time
– Philips has made an entry
– Others will too
– There can be up 4 winners in each category
98

99. CFLs
• Although some people give CFLs a bad wrap,
CFLs are quite good in many applications
– Screw-ins can often cost $.25 with upstream rebates
– Lumens per watt are quite good
– CRI is quite good, typically in the 80s
– Life is much longer than incandescents
– Mercury is really not that much of an issue
• Although quite good, there are some drawbacks,
and maybe best to consider a temporary solution
– Until LEDs or something else becomes ready for prime
time
99

100. ACCENT
LIGHTING
100

101. LED ACCENT LIGHTS
• Sparkle and Focus
– LED accent lights can provide sparkle and focus
like reflector PAR lamps, which CFL reflector
lamps can’t
• Cool
– Since LEDs do not emit any heat from the light
side, they can be very good lighting flowers,
produce, etc. without damaging them
101

102. LED MR16s
• Best LED MR16s that DOE has tested so far can only
replace up to 20W halogen MR16
– MR16s are on the small side for higher wattage LEDs to be able to
dissipate sufficient heat
– Most halogen MR16s are 50W standard or 35 - 37W infrared
– Existing LED MR16s may work fine in
• Overlit applications
• Elevators, which are often overlit
• Some aesthetic applications, where light levels not that important
• Check if existing and new step down transformers will work
with LED MR16s, because LED MR16s are such low
wattage and will not activate step down transformers
102

103. HALOGEN MR16s
• If existing are standard halogen
– Can switch to lower wattage halogen infrareds
• For example, 50W to 35 - 37W
• If existing are halogen infrareds
– Maybe keep for 1- 2 years
• LED MR16s should be cost effective for many
applications in 1 - 2 years
103

104. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• The larger the lamp, the easier it is to
dissipate heat
• If can use larger lamp, go with it
• Some retail chain stores have already
started switching to good LED reflector
lamps
• For more general recessed can applications,
need wider beam spread options from most
manufacturers
104

105. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• There are numerous good products, including
Cree’s LRP38 with indirect lighting on left and
Solais LR38 with fan on right
105

106. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• MSI iPAR-38 looks very interesting
– Three wattage lumen settings
• 10W with 550 lumens
• 12W with 650 lumens
• 16W with 800 lumens
– Proprietary Intelligent Communication
• Type of bar code reader can provide
– Manufacturing info
– Installation info
– Hours of use
– Wattage setting
106

107. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• GE and others even have wet location ones
107

108. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• LED R or PAR38s will really be ready for prime
time after there is at least one winner of the L Prize
in this category
– Last time I checked there were no submittals
108

109. LED MODULAR EXAMPLE
109

110. HALOGEN PAR 20, 30 & 38
• Just like MR16s, there are halogen infrared
PAR lamps
– Which can save 10 - 20 watts compared to
standard halogens
• If standard halogens now, maybe go with
halogen infrared now and wait 1 - 2 years to
go with LEDs
110

111. CMH ACCENT LIGHTS
• Ceramic Metal Halide with electronic ballasting
have
– Can provide sparkle and focus
– Excellent CRI
– Quite good lumens per watt
– Reasonable long life
• Available as
– Small omni directional lamps which can go into fixtures
with reflectors
– PAR lamps
– PAR lamps with integral electronic ballasts
• GE, Philips and Sylvania have 23 - 25 watt PAR38s with 10,000+
hour rated life
111

112. RECESSED
CANS
112

113. LED
• Recessed cans for residential and
commercial are a great application for LEDs
– Majority of ENERGY STAR LED products are
recessed cans
• Several of my clients are nervous about
getting new LED recessed can fixtures
– Because, potential problems of getting
replacement matching LED modules and
drivers down the road
– And prefer getting some kind of solution that is
easily replaceable from several manufacturers
113

114. LED
• LED PAR lamp
– There are a number of these available with screw-in or GU12 base
– If existing is 277V, can use step down transformer or try to find a
277V lamp
– Can use pole changer, which is very helpful for many application
• Recessed can kits with integral LEDs
– Probably most of you already know about this type of kit from Cree
and others
• Recessed can kits with GU24 bases for various
manufacturers’ LED PAR lamps
– Delray may be first manufacturer of these
– Trim ring
– Customer can select preferred LED PAR lamp
– Can use pole changer
114

115. CFL
• CFLs are reasonably efficacious, but
– Not nearly efficacious as high performance T8 systems
– Most are only rated for 10,000 - 12,000 hours
– Many recessed can fixtures for them have very bad fixture
efficiency
• Like 50 - 60%
• But there are some CFL recessed cans with more like
75% fixture efficiency
• Sometimes screw-in reflector CFLs are good solutions
• Usually best to try to
– Have just one lamp per fixture
– Minimize lamp types
115

116. REACH-IN
FRIG/FREEZER
116

117. LED
• Since this is a limited application, will only briefly
discuss
– Walmart and other retail chains have already cost
effectively retrofitted or installed in stores
– Since no heat on light side, can also reduce cooling load
– Many very good products with and without on/off, staged
or continuous occupancy sensors, which can save
considerable
• Some organizations have done a lot of work making
specifications for rebates, for example
– www.smud.org
– www.pge.com
117

118. FLUORESCENT
• Majority of 5’ lamps, which are low volume and
relatively expensive
• If have T12, definitely do something
• Many existing T8s systems do not have the best
lamps or the best ballasts
• High performance T8 lamp and ballast systems
can often save 20% wattage compared to generic
T8 systems, which will also reduce cooling load
– In many applications could go with a bilevel system
controlled by an occupancy sensor
• Before jumping into LEDs, good to ‘raise the bar’
and see if they are cost effective compared to high
performance T8 systems 118

119. TROFFERS
119

120. LED
• Already some good LED troffers from major manufacturers
• Can have over 100 lumens per watt
– Which is better than any fluorescent troffer
• May cost $300 - $350 now
– But I have specifying them for some high profile conference rooms
for clients that want dimming and ‘high tech’ lighting
– Expect to become cost effective with high performance fluorescent
troffers in general applications in about 2 years
• Depending on design and application, some models may be
glary
• With control systems can have constant lumens so not
overlit to begin with or too little light at end of life
• Being able to replace LEDs and drivers from below without
having to lift ceiling tiles could really save maintenance
labor down the road
120

121. LED
Lithonia RT LED
Cree LR24
121

122. T8 FLUORESCENT
• There is a new generation of high performance 2x4
1F32T8 troffers that can be installed in typical 8x10
spacing
– Depending on BF and if instant or program start extra efficient
ballast, wattage can range from 24 - 39 with direct relationship to
lumens
– $100 - $150 pricing with high performance ballasts
• Interesting that in CALiPER Round 11, one of these was
only measured with 71 lumens per watt, which with 100
lumen per watt T8 lamps and ballasts, translates to about
71% fixture efficiency
– While same type of fixture gets 85 - 89% fixture efficiency rating
from good independent labs
– Something should be done so more consistency between CALiPER
lumen per watt out of fixture testing and typical fixture efficiency
testing 122

123. T8 FLUORESCENT
Office with Finelite HPRs
123

124. T8 FLUORESCENT
• Existing 2x4 troffers can be cost effectively
retrofitted down to 1F32T8
– Standard lensed troffers can often get a 1-cove white
reflector
• About $55 - $60 total installed cost
– Parabolic troffers can get upscale kits
• About $110 - $120 total installed cost
124

125. TROFFERS
• 50,000 hour rated LED troffers currently cost about
twice more than high performance 1F32T8 troffers
and installation labor may be about the same for
both types
• Let’s do some life cycle costing for 75,000 hours
– LED troffer
• May cost $150 for parts and labor to retrofit or replace at 50,000
hours, which may get down to $100 at 100,000 hours, so total of
$200 at 75,000 hours
– 1F32T8 troffer
• May cost $15 for group relamping at 25,000, 50,000 & 75,000
hours and $40 for group reballasting at 50,000 & 100,000 hours,
so approximate total of $45 at 75,000 hours
– Less relamping costs if use extra long life lamps, which are rated
up to 55,000 hours
125

126. SUSPENDED
INDIRECT/DIRECT
FIXTURES
126

127. LED
• LEDs could run cooler with less heat sinking
than in troffers and recessed cans
• Uniform uplight with some not too intense
downlight are challenges
• It will take a while for LED suspended
fixtures to be cost effective compared high
performance fluorescent suspended fixtures
– Now LED 4 footer may cost $300 - $400
127

128. T8 FLUORESCENT
• Well designed suspended indirect/direct fixtures with
1F32T8 per cross section
– Can provide quite low power densities
– Total installed cost often less than individual troffers
• When can have relatively long rows in new construction and gut rehabs
• One lamp per cross section is usually much better than two
or three for
– Optimal light distribution
• Usually batwing
– Best fixture efficiency
– Lowest wattage
– Lowest fixture cost
• Fixture cost may be $25 - $40 per linear foot depending on
type of fixture, quantity, etc.
128

129. T8 FLUORESCENT
• Make sure fixture reflectors are designed for T8s
and not for T5s/T5HOs
• There are many good manufacturers and models
129

130. TASK
AMBIENT
LIGHTING
WHERE LEDs CAN WORK WITH INCUMBENTS
130

131. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Task ambient lighting is having relatively low
footcandle ambient lighting and additional task
lighting when and where need it
• Light levels drop off exponentially as distance
increases between source and task
– For example if double distance, 1/4 the footcandles
– Much less wattage getting high light levels from a task
light 2’ away from task, than from ceiling fixtures 6’ away
from task
• This strategy may be the most cost effective way to
have very low power densities while providing good
quality lighting
• In typical offices, usually .4 - .6 watts per square
foot is easily attainable 131

132. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Ambient, in offices, works very well with either
– New or retrofitted 2x4 high performance troffers that have
1 high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 and
high performance parallel wired program start ballasting
• Maybe tandem wire ballast per pair of troffers
– New or retrofitted suspended indirect/direct fixtures with 1
high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 per
cross section and high performance parallel wired
program start ballasting
• Ambient lighting can provide 10 - 20 footcandles on
desks
– Often more light is worse than less light, because more light can
cause more glare and higher contrast ratios
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133. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Existing task
– For a long time most modular office systems had fluorescent
undercabinet task lights
• But most of these fixtures
– Use way too much wattage
– Are glare bombs
» Hitting shiny paper and/or desks and then bounced into eyes
– Provide too much light
» That is why often gray scale tube guards to reduce amount of light, but
still uses all of the wattage
– Often difficult to replace ballasts
» Many ballast compartments too small for standard sized extra efficient
ballasts
– Sometimes still T12s with magnetic ballasts or T8s with magnetic ballasts
– There are some good CFL desk mount task lights
• But way too many people still use energy hog incandescent or quartz
halogen
133

134. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• High performance LED task
– There are some very good LED task light systems
• One example is the Finelite PLS (Personal Lighting System)
– 3, 6 & 9W undercabinet fixture
» Not a glare bomb
» Uses metal shelf as a heat sink
– Dimmable 8W desk mount fixture
» Can get 70 footcandles directly underneath with no other light sources
– Optional occupancy sensor
– For a decent quantity
» 1 undercabinet fixture, 1 desk mount fixture, occupancy sensor, power
supply and cables may cost $200 or less in decent quantities
– New version has the switch before the power supply, so zero wattage when
fixtures are off
– For individual offices that do not have shelves over desks, often just a
desk mount fixture is recommended
134

135. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Finelite PLS
– Both undercabinets and desk mounts won 2007 Lighting For
Tomorrow Awards
– Desk mount, which is also called ‘Curve’ won 2009 Next Generation
Luminaires Design Competition
• Best In Class - Task Lighting
www.finelite.com/sustainability/professional-development
135

136. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• There are several other LED office task lights, including
Philips Color Kinetics Philips Alko Lincs100 & sensor
UC
Luxo Air Luxo Ninety Steelcase Kast
136

137. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• PG&E’s Emerging Technology Program’s ‘High Efficiency
Office Low Ambient / Task Lighting Pilot Project’
– www.etcc-ca.com/project-search/search-
results_m126/criteria:1/query:any/jr_endyear:2009/jr_organization:Pacific+Gas+and
+Electric+%28PG%26E%29/order:alpha/page:2/limit:10/
– .66 watts per square foot
– If 5000K and high performance fixed output ballasts would have
been used, that power density could have been lower
– Although dimming ballasts were used in the suspended ambient
fixtures, that was for tuning, not for energy savings
– This report clearly states that it would be much more cost effective
to go with fixed output instant start ballasts
• Since there are millions and millions of square feet of
offices in North America and the world, reducing wattage
and improving lighting is so important
137

138. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• With good task ambient lighting the power density can be
low all of the time that expensive and complex dimming
daylight harvesting peak load shedding systems are not
cost effective
– Even with dimming ballasts in ambient fixtures, good task lights
are usually recommended
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