Saipem has experience providing engineering services for carbon capture, transportation, and storage projects for oil and gas companies. This includes designing pipelines, conducting environmental impact studies, and modeling wells and reservoirs. The document then discusses differences between capturing carbon from power stations versus refineries, sources of emissions in refineries, and options for capturing carbon from fluid catalytic cracking units, hydrogen production plants, and heaters/boilers in refineries. It concludes by outlining two overall approaches - converting a refinery to run on hydrogen or using oxygen combustion.

1. WEC Italia – Cattura e Stoccaggio della CO 2 (CCS) Roma, October 18, 2011 Technologies for Carbon Capture in Oil Refineries Ivano Miracca Saipem s.p.a.

5. Power Station vs. Refinery

7. Different issues and concerns Plot plan availabilty is a key concern Plot plan availability is not necessarily a concern Additional safety issues mainly related to use of pure oxygen Additional safety issues mainly related to use of chemicals Already includes process units using the same techniques than capture units CO 2 capture introduces new types of processes inside the power station Capture operation of the same type than usual refinery operation Very fast and drastic changes in workload may be required CO 2 Concentration variable with source and feedstock Fixed CO 2 Concentration (4% for NGCC – 12% for coal) Multiple sources (20 or more stacks ) Single Source REFINERY POWER STATION

8. Refinery Emission Sources

9. Emissions vary for different crudes and refineries Source: ExxonMobil (2008) GHG emissions: > 4.8 MTPY GHG emissions: < 1.2 MTPY Hydrogen production No Hydrogen production Many Heaters & Boilers (> 50) Few Heaters & Boilers (< 12) Fuel: Fuel Oil Fuel: Natural Gas Complex refinery with many different products No cracking – No sulfur reduction 100,000 BPSD HEAVY CRUDE 100,000 BPSD LIGHT CRUDE HIGH EMISSION REFINERY LOW EMISSION REFINERY

12. CO 2 Capture in the FCC unit

14. Main technological options A – Waste Heat Boiler B – SOx scrubber C – Amine Unit D – CO2 compressor E – Dehydration (mol. sieve) F – ASU G – Recycle compressor Equipment list > 99% pure 90% recovery 96% pure >99 % recovery Flue-gas A B C D E Amine Absorption CO2 Flue-gas A B F D E G 99.5% O2 Oxy-combustion CO2 Recycle

17. CO 2 Capture in hydrogen production

20. CO 2 Capture in process heaters & boilers

23. Overall approach to carbon capture in the refinery

24. The Hydrogen-fired refinery Heaters Co-Gen FCC Regen Air Power Steam ATR Water-gas shift CO2 removal Fuel H 2 , CO CO 2 , H 2 O H 2 , CO 2 CO 2 H 2 O O 2 H 2 O Air Separation Air N 2 Flue Gas Hydrogen CO2-free gas to stack To hydrotreating

26. The Oxygen-fired refinery SMR Heaters Co-Gen FCC Regen Fuel Reformer Feed Power Steam ASU Air Nitrogen Oxygen Flue gas O 2 Flue gas CPU CO 2 Flue gas

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