This document discusses regeneration initiatives in deprived neighborhoods from a multi-scale perspective. It presents conceptual frameworks highlighting the importance of urban and social integration across multiple levels. Case studies from the UK examine initiatives such as New Deal for Communities and Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders in Newcastle. The studies reveal challenges in achieving coordination across different scales and balancing local needs with wider goals. Formulas for long-term policies, participatory structures, and strategic partnerships are proposed to better facilitate multilevel regeneration. Open questions remain around governance, planning, management approaches, and identifying key players to foster more inclusive regeneration.

1. QUEST > Integrated and scalar action plans to revert multiple-deprivation dynamics
CONTEXT > Europe / North East England
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK > Integral and inclusive approach
CHALLENGE > wider perspective of area-based initiatives
FIELD WORK > New Deal for Communities / Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders
Elswick / Byker / Scotswood
Multi-level formulas
Implications
FINAL REFLECTIONS > Open questions
CRISTINA GALLEGO GAMAZO - PhD Candidate ETS Arquitectura - Politécnica de Madrid / APL Occasional Student - Newcastle University
Regeneration in deprived neighbourhoods:
Formulas towards a multi-scale perspective

2. CONTEXT > EUROPEAN
EXPERTS AND AGENCIES RECOMMENDATIONS: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE AND PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
2007 LEIPZIG CHARTER ON SUSTAINABLE EUROPEAN CITIES
Special attention to deprived neighborhoods within the context of the city as a whole
and more particularly the convenience of aligning one with each other its concrete objectives
in order to reduce social polarization
2010 TOLEDO URBAN DEVELOPMENT DECLARATION
 Integrated Urban Regeneration in Europe Report. Instituto de Urbanística - Universidad de Valladolid, Spain.
U.K. lessons from the Single Regeneration Budget , Strategic Partnerships and Multi-Area Agreements
Place and people-based initiatives are complementary and need to be coordinate at all levels
 The role of urban regeneration in the future of urban development in Europe. Opinion CoR.
Recognize the negative impact of spatially unbalanced growth on social cohesion and economic growth

3. CONTEXT > NORTH EAST ENGLAND
REGENERATION SCHEME APPROACH EVOLUTION
70s Community Development Projects
PHYSICAL REDEVELOPMENT
Inner City Partnerships massive demolitions / area restructuration
Comprehensive Community Programmes population displacement
80s Urban Development Corporations (first generation)
90s Single Regeneration Budget - SRB BRICKS and MORTAR APPROACH
City Challenge Plan social-mix / intentional gentrification
Late 90s Urban Task Force Report
URBAN RENAISSANCE
Sustainable Communities Strategy compact and connected urban areas
Area based regeneration programs
90s-10s Regional Development Agencies
2000s Neighbourhood Renewal Funds MARKET-LED PHYSICAL RENEWAL
Housing Market Renewal Program encourage basic levels of community implication
New Deal for Communities Program EVIDENCE-BASED and HOLISTIC APPROACH
Urban Regeneration Companies enable high levels of community implication
2003 Statement of Community Involvement
LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
2004 Planning Compulsory Purchase Act community-led small local initiatives
base for the Local Development Framework: LDF
2012 Central government decentralization agenda
Expectation: LOCALISM APPROACH
Localism Bill
power? support ? real options? motives?
Big Society Pilots

4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
AREAS POSITION WITHIN THE CITY
Physical barriers: ISOLATE AREAS
Effect: limit the urban integration
Psychological barriers: ISOLATE COMMUNITIES
Effect: limit the interactions with nearby areas
Higher levels of urban + social integration
IMPLICATIONS:
Community chance to achieve quality
levels of urban life
improve energy efficiency
access to city-wide opportunities
City / Region integrate the recover areas
activities to the city-wide urban life
reduce energy consumption
boost sustainable development

5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
MULTI-SCALE CONCEPT: URBAN / SOCIAL INTEGRATION - COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE - CAPACITIES - COORDINATION

6. CHALLENGE > WIDER PERSPECTIVE OF AREA-BASED INITIATIVES
AREA - BASED INITIATIVES CHALLENGE > Act strategically considering city-wide urban and social integration
BREAK DOWN PHYSICAL BARRIERS
 Normally, areas designed as independent units
 Disadvantage of infrastructure and mobility systems
 Central position potential to attract external interest
BREAK DOWN PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
 Long-time marginal status that is complex to reverse
 Local lack of aspiration, confident and esteem
 General desire to move to more popular places
RECOGNISE THE CONTRAST OF DIFFERENT REGENERATION SCALES (territorial scales / levels of government)
 INTEGRATION Integration of all local plans within a general strategy
 COORDINATION Coordination of interests, capacities and forms of work at different levels
 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Support diverse forms of public participation at different levels
 INTERDEPENDENCE Local real changes depend on general changes / General context improved by local potentials

7. FIELD WORK
OBJECTIVE Identify multi-level formulas and reflect its implication
Comparative analysis of recent regeneration schemes through cases study
SYSTEM
NDfC: New Deal for Communities / HMR: Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders
Signs of local involvement
CASES
SELECTION Interesting political or spatial context at different scales
CRITERIA NDfC: Elswick / HMR: Scotswood and Byker
Interests and approach
DATA Results: Level of urban and social integration
Players: Roles of players involved / identification of potential players
Site walkabouts with an active resident
DATA Participation in community activities
COLLECTION
Experts consultation
Semi-structured interviews (reps. of public and community sectors)
ANALYSIS Cross matrix

8. FIELD WORK > AREAS CONTEXT
In 10% most deprived of English Wards
Between 10% - 20% most deprived areas
Between 20% - 50% most deprived areas
In 50% least deprived of English Wards
Area Committee Boundary
Data: index of the 2000
SCOTSWOOD ELSWICK BYKER
MAP: Index of multiple deprivation. 2001 NNIS Technical Report. Newcastle City Council.

9. FIELD WORK > AREAS CONTEXT
Insufficient Data
1-29
30-58
59-87
88-116
117-145
Ward Boundaries
BENWELL BYKER
SCOTSWOOD ELSWICK
MAP: Vitality Index 2008. Chief executive’s Office. Newcastle City Council.
Cross domains: crime + education + health + housing + income + unemployment + environment

10. FIELD WORK > NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES ELSWICK
REGENERATION SCHEMES APPROACH
2001 / 2004 Going for Growth > social-mix concept
2000 / 2010 NDfC > long term project / holistic approach
2010 Newcastle 2021 > social-mix + use-mix concept
URBAN INTEGRATION
 Central location within the city > cross by main roads / river links proposals
 No physical restructuration to improve urban integration
 Link with the great operation: Newcastle Science City Project
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
 West-End area: sum of distinctive micro-neighbourhoods but poor interactions
 Community facilities that generate social interaction within each area
 City-wide services located in the area but poor local interaction
MULTI-SCALAR VIEW
 MICRO-LOCAL > separate projects with different impacts across all areas
 LOCAL > local actors pushed to act strategically / artificial response
 WIDER > external pressures and interests

11. FIELD WORK > HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER + CITY-WIDE INITIATIVES BYKER WALL ESTATE
REGENERATION SCHEMES
Late 60s Physical redevelopment with residents implication (Ralph Erskine Plan)
Onwards Consecutive investment initiatives focus on:
physical improvements and employment opportunities
URBAN INTEGRATION
 Well-connected with the city-wide mobility system (road networks and metro)
 Topography limitations (visibility and accessibility)
 Different units separate by main roads and paths that link with nearby areas
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
 Community of communities: sum of communities of interest and identity
 Well-integrated with the rest of East End: services accessibility / amenities hub
MULTI-SCALAR VIEW
Local level > criticized the external agencies forms of work not fit to Byker context
Expectations and suspicious about the motives - first step for privatization?
2011 Creation of the Byker Community Trust
2012 Transfer of the Council stock to the Byker Community Trust

12. FIELD WORK > HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER SCOTSWOOD
REREGENRATION SCHEMES
90s City Challenge + Single Regeneration Budget > large scale clearance
2000 / 2004 Going for Growth > large scale clearance / social-mix concept
2003 / 2010 HMR > intensive restructuration / market-led / social-mix concept
2009 Action Plan > intensive restructuration / market-led / social-mix concept
URBAN INTEGRATION
 Action Plan concepts:
Enhance the strategic location > attract interests and link to city opportunities
Integration > connect with nearby urban and services organizations
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
 Currently: internal social conflicts / use of services of nearby areas
 Predictable effects: severe displacement / new residents arrival
MULTI-SCALAR VIEW
 MICRO-LOCAL > internal resentments and competiveness
 LOCAL > local activists act strategically / natural response
 WIDER > large-scale redevelopment attract external interests

13. FIELD WORK > NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES vs. HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER
NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES HOUSING MARKET RENEWAL PATHFINDER
Long term project (10 years) Long term project (8 years)
Holistic approach Physical regeneration
Community-led Market-led
Managed by a multi-sectorial Partnership Managed by a Strategic Partnership
Motives: better use of public investment Motives: low housing demand > housing stock
Enable high levels of public participation Enable low levels of public participation
Overall,
AREA CONTEXT
determined by the unique area factors + multiple external factors
MAIN ACTIONS
decided a priori by local authorities / based on housing market and general economic dynamics
MICRO-LOCAL LEVEL
local community influences small scale activities with very localise impact
private sector reps and experts influence local actions with a wider strategic view

14. FIELD WORK > FORMULAS
Design long-standing policies
Decision making: community participatory budgeting
POLICY Policy structures to facilitate the processes running
Activism to aware the population towards a more inclusive city
Support to translate policy concepts to the practice
LINKAGE Innovative management: multi-sectorial Partnerships
Connect with potential players operating at different levels
STRUCTURES Establish formal communication channels
INTEGRATION Coordinate Plans, services, potentials and interests
Logic multi-level scheme
INSTRUMENTAL
Strategic Projects + complementary initiatives + innovative funding system
FRAMEWORK Data: update indicators / previous studies
Formalization of strategic relationships
Local support to communities
SUPPORT General support: all sectors / all levels
Learn lessons
SPECIFIC
Generate collective knowledge
KNOWLEDGE
Provide accessible information
CREATE Strategic location of economic and social opportunities across all areas
OPPORTUNITIES Provision of local services based on agencies networking and information to residents

15. FIELD WORK > IMPLICATIONS
The implications at different levels depend on:
AREA unique socio / cultural / political / economic / physical / environmental conditions
CONTEXT external pressures and interests on the area
GENERAL political structure / instrumental framework / legal basis / institutional support
CONTEXT funding criteria / general socio-economic situation / urban culture
SCALAR real concern about local identities / wider territorial balance
MODEL real attempt to promote integrative / inclusive / fairness / competitive approach
APPROACH enable and support high levels of collaboration: collective understanding and priorization
The application of a scalar criteria raises questions about:
RESPONSIBILITIES leadership / powership / ownership / identity
APPROACH balance / integration / coordination
PRACTICE instrumental / institutional / technical / conceptual support
COLLABORATION strategic relations / capacities / collective knowledge / innovation
EXPECTED RESULTS competitiveness / sustainability
MOTIVES SEARCH OPPORTUNITIES RESPONSE TO THE INEQUALITIES

16. FINAL REFLECTIONS > OPEN QUESTIONS
GENERAL SCALE
M A N A G E M E N T
G O V E R N A N C E
P L A N N I N G
Q U E S T I O N S
LOCAL SCALE C O N T E X T S ?
M E C H A N I S M S ?
MICRO-LOCAL SCALE P L A Y E R S ?
OPEN QUESTIONS >
 FACTORS which are the factors that influence the scalar response?
 CONDITIONS which are the optimal conditions that ensure better results?
 MECHANISMS what kind of mechanisms are more operative considering these factors?
 PLAYERS who are the potential players to foster a wider perspective?