1. Title :
“Biofuel and its Future Perspectives”
Name
:
Zafar Iqbal Buhroo
Regd. No.
:
2010-336-D
Course No.
:
Seri-791
Seminar Incharge
:
Dr. M. F. Baqual
Date of seminar
:
29.12.2011

2. INTRODUCTION





In recent times, the world has been confronted with an energy crisis due
to depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increased environmental
problems.
The tremendous use of petroleum products is responsible for alarming
pollution of environment . This situation has lead to the search for an
alternative fuel, which should not be only sustainable but also
environment friendly.
For developing countries, fuels of bio-origin such as ethanol, vegetable
oil, biomass, biogas etc are becoming focus of attention. Shrinking crude
oil reserves and limited refining capacity, world will have to depend
heavily on imports of crude oil.
From the point of view of protecting the global environment and the
concern for long term supplies of conventional fuels, it becomes
imperative to develop alternate fuels comparable with conventional fuels.
Biofuels is the only alternative.

3. WHAT IS BIOFUEL ?
Any fuel that is derived from
biomass i.e., plant material
or animal waste. Biofuels
are liquid or gaseous fuels
derived from renewable
biomass.

4. Why Bio-Fuels?
• Increasing energy requirement
• Thrust on resource conservation
• Soaring oil prices
• Reducing availability
• Stringent environmental regulations

5. TYPES OF BIOFUEL:
BIOGAS – (Methane)
BIOALCOHOL- (Ethanol)
BIODIESEL.

6. BIOFUEL PLANTS:









Jatropha
Jojoba
Karanjia
Neem
Mahua
canola
Pedilanthus
Camelina
Calotropis
Castor
oil Plant
Soybean
Jatropha
Sunflower
Palm oil
Maize
Wheat
Potato
Sugarcane
Rapeseed

7. GASIFICATION
 process
heat, pressure, and steam to convert
materials directly into a gas composed primarily of
carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
 The
feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or
slurred form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a
gasifier.
 The
feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure,
and either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved
environment within the gasifier.

8. Typical raw Materials
Coal, petroleum-based materials, and
organic materials.


9. Products of Gasification
*
Hydrocarbon gases (SYNGAS).
* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
* Char (carbon black and ash).
CO +H2 (more than 85
percent by volume) & carbon dioxide
and methane.
Biogas Production
Syngas

10. Gobar Gas
Gobar
gas production is an
anaerobic process
Fermentation is carried out in an
air tight, closed cylindrical concrete
tank called a Digester

11. Layout Design of Gobar gas Plant
Cunningham & Cunningham. 2005. 4th Edition

12. Typical composition of biogas
Compound
%age
Methane
50-75
Carbon dioxide
25-50
Nitrogen
0-10
Hydrogen
0-1
Hydrogen sulphide
0-3
Cunningham & Cunningham. 2005. 4th Edition

13. Comparison:55-65% Methane
30-35% Carbon dioxide
and other traces
Cow dung gas
Heating value– 600
B.T.U per cubic foot
80% Methane
Natural gas
Heating value– 1000
B.T.U per cubic foot

14. Cow
dung slurry
2.5% Nitrogen
1.5% Phosphorus
0.8% Potassium
75% O. Humus
Cow
dung
slurry
One pound of cow
manure generate
one cubic foot of gas
Enough gas to cook a
days meal for 4-6
people in India

15. India
already has around 5000 BIOGAS plants.
30
million rural households in China have
BIOGAS digesters.
In
2007, 12000 vehicles were fueled with
upgraded biogas worldwide mostly in Europe.
Biogas
powered train is already in service in
Sweden since 2005.
www.newscientist.com/article/mg

16. Biogas- Feasibility in J and K
 About 70% of the population derives its livelihood from the
agriculture sector and use agricultural residues, cattle dung cakes for
cooking as fuel.
 Estimate shows availability of 87.06 lakh livestock in J and K state,
which reflect the vast potential for biogas generation .
 If 60% of livestick @ 5 kg dung / livestock / day is utilised for this
purpose, about 3.26 lakh family size biogas plants of 2-3m 3 could be run
in the state.
 The biogas thus generated will suffice the needs of more than 42.57
lakh persons.
 Energy production will also save more than 1087.3 million tones of
fuel wood.
 Biogas digested manure will be available for use in crops.
Contd.,

17. Biogas Technology ~ By SKUAST-K

SKUAST-K has designed the suitable biogas plant for round the
year production of methane gas under temperate climatic
conditions.

Floating drum type biogas plant with poly house, giving
additonal heat was found successful for biogas production even at
-6oC temperature.

Technology being transferred to rural people of the region
through field demonstrations, training programmes and
installation of plants at farmers level.
Division of Agri-Engineering, SKUAST- K, DST project

18. Environmental Benefits
•
Reduction of waste
•
Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases
compared to fossil fuels.
•
Saving time of collecting firewood.
•
Protecting forests.
•
Saving money.
•
Improving hygienic conditions.
•
Producing higher quality fertilizer.
•
Reducing air and water pollution.

19. Bio Mass-Source of Energy
 Biomass
already supplies 14 % of the world’s
primary energy consumption. On average, biomass
produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing
countries.
 USA:
4% of total energy from bio mass, around
9000 MW----
 INDIA
is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs
about 25,000 crores annually for the government to
import oil.

20.  Bio
Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest
residue and municipal waste.
 Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas
 Fertilizers as by product.
 Average
electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow per
day!!
Wikipedia : Biofuels in India

21. The fully integrated agro-biofuel-biomaterialbio power cycle for sustainable technologies.
Contd.,

22. Enhanced plant biomass production
and processing
Arthur et al., 2006

23. Global biomass resources from agricultural
residues, wood, and herbaceous energy crops.
Cellulose
Polymer of
β-(1,4)-glucan;
degree of
polymerization
~300 to 15,000
Cellulose
Major
global
biopolymers
Production: ~35 to 50%
Production: ~25 to 30%
Production: ~15 to 30%
Polymer of
β-(1,4)-glucan;
degree of polymerization
~300 to 15,000
30%
Production :~ 35 – 50%
5–
~1
25
–
uc
ti
n:
on
:~
ti o
uc
30%
Lignin
Polymer derived from
coniferyl, coumaryl,
sinapyl alcohol
Pro
d
d
Pro
Major global
biopolymers
Hemicellulose
Short-chain
branched, substituted
polymer of sugars;
degree of polymerization
~7 to 200
Arthur et al., 2006

24. Sugarcane
Molasses
Agricultural waste
Sorghum
Grain and Tubers
Lignocellulosic biomass

25. World Ethanol Production
[F.A.O. Litch Publication, 2004]

26. Leading Ethanol Producers
Country
Crop
Brazil (ProAlcool)
Sugarcane
Molasses
USA
Maize (95%) , some wheat &
Barley
Canada
Maize plus 15% wheat
(http://www.distill.com/berg)

27. Ethanol
THE WORLD SCENARIO
BRAZIL
World leader in production and export of ethanol.
Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000
barrels of gasoline.
24% blend ethanol mandatory.
USA
Ethanol : a big boost to economy
E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr
MTBE phased out in many states
Soya bean main source of biodiesel

28. INDIA
Sources
of ethanol:
 Sugarcane
 Molasses
 Agricultural waste
Annual
liters
production capacity of 1.5 Billion

29. Ethanol Application worldwide
[IEA Report, 2001]

30. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a Biofuel consisting of fatty acid methyl
alkyl esters that are derived from organic oils,
plants,
animals
through
the
process
of
transesterfication.
TRANS
+
3 Methyl Alkyl Esters
(BIODIESEL)

31. Flowers
 Biodiesel from Jatropha
 Seeds of the Jatropha nut
is crushed and oil Is
extracted

 The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.
BIODIESEL
Ready for Oil
Fruits
Harvested

32. Economic significance of Jatropha
Soap
production
Green manure
vermiculture
Medicinal
uses
Soil erosion
control
Potentials of
Jatropha
Employment
generation
Animal feed
Hedge
Lubricants
Pesticidal value
Ericulture
Biodiesel
Kumar et al., 2005

33. ►
Eco-Friendly
►
Clean burning
►
Renewable fuel
►
No engine modification
►
Increase in engine life
►
Biodegradable and non-toxic
►
Easy to handle and store

34. Bio-diesel
The first diesel engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel in
Germany (1895), it was powered by peanut oil in!

35. Bus runs on Biodiesel
 A test flight has been performed in 2006 July by a Czech jet aircraft completely
powered on biodiesel.
 The British Royal Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run
on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied by Green Fuels Ltd.

36. BIODIESEL DEMAND & AREA OF PLANTATION
[Planning Commission Report, 2005]

37. IOC - Indian Railways MoU


Jatropha plantation on 70 ha of Railway land
1,10,000 saplings have already been planted in
Surendra Nagar, Gujarat

Shatabdi & Jan Shatabadi Train Trial Runs
conducted earlier

5 Trains through Lucknow already running from
6th June 2004 on 10% Biodiesel

38. Reliance has taken up a project of 700million dollars for
cultivation of Jatropha in Andra Pradesh.
Mehla S K 2007

39. Jatropha in India : Promising bio-fuel crop for wasteland
In India, 5 large plants set up with a capacity of 300,000
liters per day, 4 medium size plants with a capacity of
30,000 liters per day, and a number of small plants with a
capacity of 1,000 to 3,000 liters per day. Practically all
plants are running at very low capacities, or closed due to
lack of oil.
(NNFCC, 2011)

40. Can Biodiesel From Jatropha work in India?

India needs 200 Billion gallons of B--oil to replace transpot
fuels used…

We required 384 mh of land for Jatropha cultivation is a
big constraint…

India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 17%
of the human population and 18% of the cattle

Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?

A sustainable source of oil is to be found before we can
think of biodiesel.
Khan S & Rashmi , 2008

41. Comparison of some sources of biodiesel
CROP
OIL YIELD
(L/ha)
CORN
172
SOYBEAN
446
CANOLA
1190
JATROPHA
1892
OIL PALM
5950
COCONUT
2689
MICROALGAE-a
1,36,900
MICROALGAE-b
58,700
In India only 5.4Mh area of algae ponds are required
to replace all the petroleum transportation fuels
Chisti Y, 2007

42. Oil Content of Microalgae

43. CONCLUSION:
Blending
of biodiesel in diesel offers great opportunities for environment
protection and rural economy development.
Genetic
aspects.
improvement of particular species should be taken as future
Stricter
environmental regulations and emission norms have led to
improvement in fuel quality and introduction of clean fuels like biodiesel.
Above
all recedence or elimination of toxic gases from atmosphere which
otherwise are emanating from use of existing fuels.
Identification
and mass production of high yielding biofuel plants like
lower plants (microalgae).