1. PhD project: Spatial Expansion of the Oil Amazon Frontier and Environmental Conflicts in Ecuador Università degli Studi di Padova Scuola di Dottorato in Scienze Storiche PhD Student: Eugenio Pappalardo Supervisor: Dr. Massimo de Marchi Dipartimento di Geografia “G. Morandini” Indirizzo “Geografia Umana e Geografia Fisica

6. social-economical environment passive support complexity environment local territory natural environment green urban areas mine and dump (Sacks, 1998) ecosystems complex network of ecosystems (Dematteis, Governa, 2005) Integrated components trivial machine summary of components operative-analytic perspective functionalist approach political-normative perspective epistemologic perspective territorialist perspective

12. ECOSYSTEMS – PRODUCTION SYSTEMS – ECONOMICAL SYSTEMS ECOSYSTEMS (Tiezzi, 2005) PRODUCTION SYSTEM natural resources ECONOMIC SYSTEM goods and services capital pollution ecological crisis energetic crisis economic crisis

13. An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and the nonliving environment, interacting as a functional unit. Ecosystems Humans are an integral part of ecosystems. ECOSYSTEM APPROCH CBD (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, 1992) COP, SBSTTA (Montreal, 2000)

15. Ecosystems services ecosystems are not just a passive support, they are active agents that permanently play crucial roles in functions and services Ecosystem Services: the benefits people obtain from ecosystems Ecosystem services are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life. They maintain biodiversity and the production of ecosystem goods, such as seafood, forage timber, biomass fuels, natural fiber, and many pharmaceuticals, industrial products, and their precursors (MA, 2005).

17. Ecosystems services E.S. include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people and supporting services needed to maintain the other services. E.S. is a multiscale concept: from local scale to the global one E.S. include both natural and human-modified ecosystems as sources of ecosystem services (i.e. agrosystems). E.S. encompass both the tangible and the intangible benefits humans obtain from ecosystems, which are sometimes separated into “goods” and “services” respectively. (MA, 2005)

19. Ecosystems services supporting services services necessary for the production of all the ecosystem services soil formation nutrient cycling primary production They differ from provisioning, regulating, and cultural services in that their impacts on people are either indirect or occur over a very long time, whereas changes in the other categories have relatively direct and short-term impacts on people.

20. Ecosystems services supporting provisioning regulating cultural

22. Ecosystems services

24. Ecosystems and evolution of the SLoT Model At global scale: a global network connecting different local ecosystems, different local networks of “ecological agents” It is the same role of the long mesh network extending at global scale, connecting different anthropic actor considered by the SLoT. Representation of the “natural component” assumed as the socio-economic components having global and local networks of social and economical actors demandin, supplying and exchanging economic and social services. How does this parralelism sound? Is that comparable?

25. Towards an environmental sustanability ecosystem services do not dipend by static conditions E.S. are results of permanent complex processes with they own rithms and velocity Sustainability is not just a matter of quantity, but it refers to time-scales, rithms and carrying capacity of ecosystems. one action is environmetally sustainable if the use of E.S. has a rate lower (or equal) to whom produced by ecosystem its own.

26. dangerous relationships