Biodiesel for Diesel Technicians, Iowa Biodiesel Board training

1. Biodiesel for Diesel Technicians
Sponsored b
S d by:
Iowa Biodiesel Board, National Biodiesel Board
through funding by the Iowa Power Fund
and the Soybean Checkoff
Biodiesel for
Diesel Technicians
At the end of today’s session, you will:
Answer general questions about biodiesel that
you may b asked as a technician
be k d t h i i
Understand why customers want biodiesel
Understand the importance of fuel quality and
the BQ-9000 program
Be able to discern issues between normal
diesel problems and poor quality biodiesel
imposters or out-of-spec biodiesel when they
hit the shop
1

2. Basics of Petrodiesel
How is diesel made?
Crude petroleum oil is heated up to
separate the complex mixture of
hydrocarbons i t usable products
h d b into bl d t
like diesel, gasoline and engine oils
Each petroleum derived product
contains hundreds or thousands of
compounds and is distinguished by
its boiling point and physical
properties
Today’s diesel fuel undergoes a
hydro-treating process to reduce
sulfur down to 500 or 15 ppm
In future, it will likely all be 15 ppm
2

3. Typical Refinery Products
Product Boiling Range Boiling Range
Deg. C Deg. F
LPG -40 - 0 -40 - 31
Gasoline 30 - 200 80 - 400
Kerosene, Jet Fuel, #1 Diesel 170 - 270 340 - 515
#2 Diesel, Furnace Oil 180 - 340 350 - 650
Lube Oils 340 - 540 650 - 1000
Residual Oil 340 - 650 650 - 1200
Asphalt 540 + 1000 +
Petroleum Coke Solid
From: Schmidt, G.K. and Forster, E.J., “Modern Refining for Today’s Fuels
and Lubricants,” SAE Paper 861176, 1986.
3

4. 3 PROPANE METHANOL ETHANOL
Benzene
8 ISO OCTANE (GASOLINE)
Toluene Xylene
20 CETANE (DIESEL FUEL)
Petrodiesel Composition
20 35
20-35 % aromatic compounds (benzene,
(benzene
xylene, toluene, etc.)
60-80 % straight/branched hydrocarbons
generally with 8 to 24 carbons
Some polycyclic aromatic compounds and
p y y p
sulfur compounds
No oxygen containing compounds
4

5. Petrodiesel Delivers
Important Diesel Properties
Auto-ignition = Cetane Number
BTU Content = Fuel Economy/Power
Viscosity = Fuel Thickness
Vi it F l Thi k
Cloud Point = Fuel Gelling Temperature
Lubricity = Component Wear
Sulfur = Lubricity, Anti-microbial
Cleanliness = Dirt, Water, Metals
Dirt Water
Stability = Shelf Life, Filter Blocking
Composition = Emissions
American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM sets fuel
standards for US
Consensus voting
Best engineers and
chemists from engine,
fuel system, users,
Users Producers
petroleum, biodiesel, Consumers
consultants, regulators General
One
O negative vote can
i Interests
fail a ballot
Super majority (2/3)
required for over ride
10
5

6. ASTM D975 is the diesel spec
The important diesel fuel properties are set by
the ASTM specifications
Or are pre-determined by the nature of the compounds
that make up diesel fuel
There is a significant amount of variability in
diesel fuel which meets D975
Based on engine performance and climate
This maximizes availability of fuel that will
perform at the lowest cost to user
Diesel Fuel -ASTM D 975
Grade Grade Grade Grade
Grade
Property LS #1 LS #2 No. 1-D No. 2-D
Flash point °C, min 38 52 38 52
Water and sediment,
% vol, max. 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Distillation temp., °C, 90%
Min. -- 282 -- 282
Max.
Max 288 338 288 338
Kinematic Viscosity,
mm2/s at 40°C
Min. 1.3 1.9 1.3 1.9
Max. 2.4 4.1 2.4 4.1
Lubricity, HFRR@60C 520 520 520 520
Micron, max
Ramsbottom carbon residue,
on 10%, %mass, max. 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.35
Ash, % mass, max. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Sulfur, % mass, max 0.05 0.05 0.50 0.50
Copper strip corrosion,
Max 3 hours at 50 C
50°C No.
No 3 No.
No 3 No.
No 3 No.
No 3
Cetane Number, min. 40 40 40 40
One of the following
Properties must be met:
(1) cetane index 40 40 -- --
--
(2) Aromaticity,
% vol, max 35 35 -- --
--
6

7. Commercial Alternative Fuels
Some need a totally new engine design:
Propane, natural gas, methanol
Some can be used in existing engines with some
re-design or minor modifications:
E85, B100
Some can be blended with traditional fuel and
used in existing engines with little or no
modifications (‘drop in’ fuels):
E10, B20 and lower
Commercial Alternative Fuels for
Existing Engine Technology
Must be similar for important parameters of
the fuel the engine was designed for
Hopefully improves some parameters
Brings some other beneficial attribute to the
table that people believe is important
Social (emissions green house gases)
(emissions,
Physical/chemical (high cetane or lubricity, etc.)
Economic (i.e. cheaper, low cost option)
7

8. What is Biodiesel??
Raw Veg
Oil—NO!
“Bio-Willie”
Yes,
Yes but
not from
marijuana
oil!
Ethanol—NO!
Ethanol is not Biodiesel!!!
Ethanol is made from fermenting the whole
corn kernel to ethanol
Ethanol is intended only for spark ignited
(i.e. gasoline) applications since it has good
octane but poor cetane, zero lubricity
“Drink the best and burn the rest”!
Drink rest !
Raw ethanol in diesel fuel can severely
damage diesel engines!
8

9. Making Biodiesel
In the presence of a catalyst
Combining Yields
Vegetable Oil
Biodiesel
or (100 lbs.)
Animal Fat +
(100 lbs.) Glycerine
(10 lbs.)
+
Methanol
(10 lbs.)
Biodiesel Raw Materials
Oil or Fat Alcohol
Soybean Methanol
Corn
Canola
Cottonseed Catalyst
Sunflower Sodium hydroxide
Beef tallow
Pork lard
Chicken fat
Used frying oils
9

10. Transesterification
(the biodiesel reaction)
Methanol Biodiesel
Triglyceride
Fatty Acid Chain Glycerol
Biodiesel molecule
The diesel fuel standard, ‘cetane’, is 20 carbons in
a long straight chain but has no oxygen
Cetane:
Biodiesel has 16 or 18 carbons in a long chain
with some oxygen at one end (ester):
Biodiesel Molecule
carbons
Double
bond
oxygens
hydrogens
10

11. Narrow Composition
Mother nature produces oils and fats with a
narrow range of composition
C14 or less: 0 to 5%, usually less than 1%
, y
C16: 5 to 30%
C18: 70 to 95%
C20 or higher: 1% or less
Biodiesel has much less variation than petrodiesel
for most properties important to diesel engines
BTU, viscosity, lubricity sulfur
BTU viscosity lubricity, sulfur, emissions
Some properties vary as much as petrodiesel,
based on the saturation level of the oil/fat
Cetane number, cloud point
Biodiesel Delivers
Important Diesel Properties
Auto-ignition = Cetane Number over 50
BTU Content = Similar to #1, less than #2
Viscosity = Values in diesel fuel range
Cloud Point = Current biodiesel higher than #2
Lubricity = Naturally high in lubricity
Sulfur = Naturally less than 15 ppm
Cleanliness = ASTM specs same as petrodiesel
p p
Stability = Spec set for 6 month min. shelf life
Emissions significantly less for PM, HC, CO
11

12. Important Specs
Issues resolved with ASTM D6751 – Represents over $50 million and 15
years of testing
Complete Reaction/Removal of Glycerine
Insured through total/free glycerine
Will cause injector coking, filter plugging, sediment formation
Shortens shelf life
Removal of Alcohol
Insured through flash point
May cause premature injector failure, safety concern
Absence of Free Fatty Acids
Insured through acid value
Can cause fuel system deposits and effect fuel pump and filter
operation
Removal of Catalyst
Insured through sulfated ash and Ca/Mg and Na/K
May cause injector deposits and/or filter plugging
Grade
ASTM D6751
Grade Grade Grade Grade
Property No. 2-D
Flash point °C, min 52
Water and sediment,
% vol, max. 0.05
Distillation temp., °C, 90%
Min.
Min 282
Max. 338
Kinematic Viscosity,
mm2/s at 40°C
Min. 1.9
Max. 4.1
Lubricity, HFRR@60C 520
Micron, max
Ramsbottom carbon residue,
on 10%, %mass, max. 0.35
Ash, % mass, max. 0.01
Sulfur, % mass, max 0.50
Copper strip corrosion,
pp p ,
Max 3 hours at 50°C No. 3
Cetane Number, min. 40
One of the following
Properties must be met:
(1) cetane index --
(2) Aromaticity,
% vol, max --
--
12

13. BQ-9000
A voluntary quality system
certification program for the
North American biodiesel
N th A i bi di l
industry
Applies internationally
accepted quality management
principles
Incorporates fuel
specifications
Uses a series of audits to
verify adherence to the
company’s own quality
management system
BQ-9000 Objectives
To promote the
commercial success and
public acceptance of
biodiesel
To help assure that
biodiesel fuel is produced
to d
t and maintained at the
i t i d t th
industry standard, ASTM
D6751
13

14. D6751 is CRITICAL: BQ 9000 becoming a given
Three certifications possible for companies:
BQ-9000
BQ 9000 Producer
BQ-9000 Marketer
BQ-9000 Laboratory (March 31, 2009)
US Biodiesel Production 700 Million
Gallons
700,000,000
Total Distillates Used: 60 Billion Gallons
600,000,000
On R d Diesel U d 30 Billi G ll
O Road Di l Used: Billion Gallons
500,000,000
400,000,000 Biodiesel Tax
Gallons
Incentive
300,000,000
Bioenergy
200,000,000
200 000 000 Changes to Program
P
EPAct
100,000,000
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
National Biodiesel Board 28
14

15. Production Locations 6/22/09)
173 Plants
BQ-9000 Producers
Industry Plant Size
173 Plants
Production Capacity 2.69 billion gallons per year
Average Plant Size 15.5 million gallons per year
15

16. New Construction (6/22/09)
29 Plants
New Construction
& Expansion
40 Plants
Construction Capacity 849.9 million gallons per year
Average Plant Size 21.2 million gallons per year
16

17. So why the interest in biodiesel?
Biodiesel Markets
Biodiesel Markets
ON-HIGHWAY USERS REGULATED FLEETS
• Trucking • Federal
• Fleets • State
• Passenger Vehicles • Selected Utilities
MARINE
• Recreational
• Tour Boats
HOME HEATING • Environmentally
Sensitive Areas
AG AND OFF-ROAD USERS
•Lubricity Enhancement
•Underground Mines
17

18. Biodiesel Improves Diesel Properties
Blends with petrodiesel in any percentage
Once it is blended it does not separate back out
Higher Cetane
Over 50 vs. average petrodiesel around 44
Smoother, more complete burn
High Flash Point Makes it Safer
Non hazardous shipping (over 200° F)
Virtually Zero Sulfur
Meets ULSD limits of 15 ppm or less
Zero Aromatics Reduces Toxicity
11% Oxygen Provides Superior Lubricity and
Reduces Black Smoke (Particulates)
Spray and Combustion
at Load with Biodiesel
BP 15 BP 15 + 40 % Biodiesel B100
18

19. Heavy Duty Emissions Averages
FTP Engine Dyno Summary
Emission Type B100 B20 B2
Total Unburned -67% -20% -2.2%
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%
Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%
Oxides f Nit
O id of Nitrogen (NOX) +10%
10% +/-2% +/-0.2%
/ 2% / 0 2%
For engines without PM or NOx after-treatment
Best “Bang for your Buck” at B20
Emissions vs Blend Level
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
-10
-20
Percent Reduction
-30
Particulate Matter Reduction
-40 Hydrocarbon Reduction
Carbon Monoxide Reduction
-50
-60
-70
-80
Biodiesel Blend Level
19

20. HEAVY HC SPECIATION - CUMMINS N14 ENGINE
B100 B20 2D
octadecenoic acid methyl ester
octadecadienoic acid methyl ester
hexadecanoic acid methyl ester
C18 n-octadecane
C17 n-heptadecane
diphenyl methanone
trimethyl pentadecane
C16 n-hexadecane
trimethyl
t i th l naphthalene
hth l
methyl ethyl naphthalene
1.1'-biphenyl, 3-methyl-
1,1'-ethylidenebis-benzene
C15 n-pentadecane
2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
tetramethyl hexadecane
hexanedioic acid, bis methylethyl
dimethyl naphthalene
ethyl naphthalene
C14 n-tetradecane
trimethyl dodecane
undecanol
methyl naphthalene
C13 n-tridecane
tetrahydro dimethyl naphthalene
methyl tridecane
nonanoic acid
hexyl cyclohexane
dimethyl undecane
C12 n-dodecane
1-dodecene
butoxyethoxy ethanol
nonanol
octanoic acid (caprylic acid)
ethyl dimethyl benzene
benzoic acid
C11 n-undecane
methylisopropylbenzene
phenyl ethanone
C4-Benzene or C2-benzene
methyl propyl benzene
diethyl benzene
ethyl hexanol
Heptenoic acid, methyl ester
C10 n-decane
Heptanol
ethyl methyl benzene
C9 n-nonane
xylene (dimethyl benzene)
ethyl benzene
tetramethyl butane
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
RELATIVE EMISSION RATE (MG/HP-HR)
Enhanced Lubricity
Equipment
benefits
Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
Superior lubricity
800
700
B2 h up t 66%
has to
more lubricity than
HFRR WSD (micron)
600
500 #2 Diesel
400
300 Eliminates need for
200
lubricity additives
100
0 EPA required sulfur
reduction in 2006
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Biodiesel Blend (%)
No overdosing
concerns vs. other
lubricity additives
20

21. Energy security
Increases Domestic Fuel Production Capacity
Putting renewable feeds through existing refineries doesn’t do this
Reduces Energy Imports and Dependence on
Foreign Oil Sources
U.S. Industry Goal: 5% on-road displacement by
2015 ≈ 1.85 BGY (met in various blend levels)
( )
5% ≈ ¼ of diesel equivalent refined from Persian
Gulf Crude or about the amount imported from
Iraq
21

22. USA Energy Security
Highway Carbon Emissions
14 (million metric tons)
1990 2000 2010 2020
12 Domestic Oil Production 325 384 455 507
lions of Barrels per Day
10 Heavy Trucks
GAP
ssenger Vehicles
8
Light Trucks
6
4
Mill
Pas
2 Automobiles
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 19, DOE/ORNL-6958, September 1999, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2000, DOE/EIA-
0383(2000), December 1999
4
44
22

23. Creates Domestic Manufacturing
Jobs in Rural America
Green Jobs
2007: 21,803 jobs
2007: $4.1 billion to GDP
$26 billion to U.S. economy by 2012
Create 38,856 new jobs in all sectors of the economy
Renewable Fuel Standard:
Requires 1 billion gallons B100 by 2012
RFS can be translated to B5 in 2/3 of all on road diesel!
Low cost option to meet RFS
National Biodiesel Board 45
Biodiesel and Global Warming
Closed Carbon Cycle: CO2 Used to Grow
Feedstock is Put Back Into Air
• 78% Life Cycle Decrease In CO2
Energy Balance 3.2 to 1
• Over 3 times as much energy out
as it took to make the biodiesel
Compression Ignition Platform (i.e. diesel)
30% More Efficient Than Spark Ignition
(i.e. gasoline, CNG, propane)
23

24. Producing Feed, and Some Fuel
Biodiesel starts with an oil or fat
Oils/fats are made as a minor by product of producing food
by-product
for humans and animals
Soybeans are 80% high protein feed, 20% oil
Cattle, hogs and chickens are not grown for fat!
People don’t fry more french fries to get used oil!
None of the sources for oil are grown for the oil, it is a
natural by-product of producing food
Biodiesel f
Bi di l from existing sources can support feeding and
i ti t f di d
fueling the worlds population.
Production of crops for food on existing land may double
in 15 years, thus doubling the by-product oil for biodiesel
New Biodiesel Sources
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
August, 2007
Crop Oil Yield
Gallons/acre
Corn 18
Cotton 35
Soybean 48
Mustard seed 61
Sunflower 102
Rapeseed/Canola 127
Jatropha 202
Oil palm 635
Algae “10,000”
24

25. Questions and Answers
Break
Biodiesel Performance, Engine
Durability and Field Studies
25

26. Biodiesel—A proven fuel
Biodiesel is perhaps the most well studied
and documented alternative fuel in the
world
Recent US interests started in 1990
ASTM Biodiesel Task Force Started in 1993
$100,000,000
$100 000 000 in research and development
We may know more about biodiesel than
we do about ultra low sulfur diesel!
Diesel Fuels and Alternatives:
Some important terminology
Petrodiesel: Traditional petroleum derived diesel
fuel meeting ASTM D975
Biodiesel: Mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acids derived from oils/fats meeting ASTM D6751
Biodiesel Blends: A blend of petrodiesel and
biodiesel designated BX, XX = percent of biodiesel
g , p
Renewable or Green Diesel: generic category
for any other new fuel for diesel engines for which
there are no approved ASTM specifications
26

27. Beware of
Biodiesel Imposters!
ASTM D6751 Definition Eliminates:
Coal Slurries
Raw Vegetable Oils and Fats
R V t bl Oil dF t
Non-Esterified Oils
Hydro-treated Oils and Fats
Proprietary Veg Oil / Ethanol blends
Auto, engine, and fuel injection equipment
makers only support D6751 biodiesel
Other fuels will need to get ASTM specs
Quality, Quality, Quality
B100 must meet D 6751 prior to blending to insure trouble-free use
of B20 and lower blends
BQ-9000 fuel quality program helps to promote high quality fuel from
producers and marketers
B20 and lower blends are recommended since most of the research
and successful use of the fuel has been with these blends
See NBB Toolkit document “Use of Biodiesel Blends Up to B20” for more
information
Blends over B20 require special precautions and should only be used
by knowledgeable and experienced users
See NBB document “Guidance on Biodiesel Blends Above B20” for more
information:
http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Use_of_Biodiesel_Blends_above_%2020.pdf
27

28. Why care about
biodiesel quality?
Off specification biodiesel can cause engine
operability problems
Quality is critical to continue to grow the
industry
There is NO room for off-specification fuel
Customers need to receive consistent quality from
lot to lot, batch to batch
Must be on-spec for tax credit and to be legal fuel
In specification B100
28

29. Out of spec: High raw oil
Out of spec: Incomplete
reaction and high catalyst conc.
29

30. Out of spec: Incomplete
reaction and high catalyst conc.
Biodiesel and Engine Manufacturers
After the first passage of ASTM D6751 in
2001, even though engine manufacturers
voted positive at ASTM most were not yet
willing to put their name behind B20
National Biodiesel Board set forth on
intensive effort to work with OEM’s to
address any issues and concerns
B20 Fleet Evaluation Team Formed
30

31. B20 Fleet Evaluation Team
Develop fact based informed position on B20
e e op act o ed pos t o o 0
Most major diesel engine and fuel injection
companies participated in this process
B20 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Detailed identification of everything that can go
wrong when using B20
g g
Rank: Severity, Occurrence, Detection modes
Develop RIN: Risk Identification Number
Develop plan to address high RIN areas
B20 Fleet Evaluation Members
Bosch International
Case New Holland John Deere
Caterpillar National Biodiesel Board
Cummins National Renewable
l bl
DaimlerChrysler Energy Lab
Delphi Diesel Systems Parker - Racor
Department of Defense Siemens Diesel Systems
Engine Manufacturers Stanadyne Corp
Association Volkswagen AG
Ford Motor Co Volvo Truck
General Motors Fleetguard
31

32. B20 FMEA Results
Most potential ‘problems’ are eliminated if the
problems
B100 meets D6751 prior to blending
More info is needed on after-treatment
More info is needed on stability/shelf life
More info is needed from field (materials
compatibility, un-anticipated issues)
Provide user advise to help trouble-free use
B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
Biodiesel is the pure, or 100 percent, biodiesel fuel. It is
referred to as B100 or “neat” biodiesel.
A biodiesel blend is pure biodiesel blended with
petrodiesel. Biodiesel blends are referred to as BXX. The
XX indicates the amount of biodiesel in the blend (i.e., a
B20 blend is 20 percent by volume biodiesel and 80
percent by volume petrodiesel ).
Ensure the biodiesel meets the ASTM specification for pure
biodiesel (ASTM D 6751) before blending with petrodiesel.
( ) g p
Purchase biodiesel and biodiesel blends only from
companies that have been registered under the BQ-9000
fuel quality program.
32

33. B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
Ensure the B20 blend meets properties for ASTM D
975, Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils or the
ASTM specification for B20 once it is approved.
Ensure your B20 supplier provides a homogenous product.
Avoid long term storage of B20 to prevent degradation.
Biodiesel should be used within six months.
Prior to transitioning to B20, it is recommended that tanks
be cleaned and free from sediment and water. Check for
water and drain regularly if needed. Monitor for microbial
growth and treat with biocides as recommended by the
biocide manufacturer. See the NREL Biodiesel Storage and
Handling Guidelines for further information.
B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
Fuel filters on the vehicles and in the delivery system
may need to be changed more frequently upon initial
B20 use. Biodiesel and biodiesel blends have excellent
cleaning properties. The use of B20 can dissolve
sediments in the fuel system and result in the need to
d h f l d l h d
change filters more frequently when first using
biodiesel until the whole system has been cleaned of
the deposits left by the petrodiesel.
Be aware of B20’s cold weather properties and take
appropriate precautions. When operating in winter
climates,
climates use winter blended diesel fuel If B20 is to
fuel.
be used in winter months, make sure the B20 cloud
point is adequate for the geographical region and
time of year the fuel will be used.
33

34. B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
Perform regularly scheduled maintenance as dictated by
the engine operation and maintenance manual. If using
B20 in seasonal operations where fuel is not used within 6
months, consider storage enhancing additives or flushing
with diesel fuel prior to storage.
These recommendations on use of B20 are preliminary
and are not provided to extend or supplant warranty
limitation provided by an individual engine or equipment
supplier. Use of B20 blends is solely at the discretion and
risk of the customer and any harm effect caused by the
use of B20 are not the responsibility of the engine or
equipment maker.
Biodiesel Performance:
Meeting ASTM Specifications
34

35. 2004 B100
Quality Survey
• Under guidance of B20 Fleet Evaluation Team
(OEM’s, NREL, NBB)
• Samples obtained nationwide from biodiesel blenders
(27 samples)
• 85% of samples tested met the ASTM D6751
specification Four samples failed with high
levels of:
l l f
•phosphorus (lube oil
contamination?)
•total glycerin
•acid number
•acid number and total glycerin
2006 B100
Quality Survey
A subcontractor visited the site of a
biodiesel blender usually a terminal
blender,
operator or jobber, to collect the
B100 sample
32 B100s, 6 B99s, and 1 B50
59% of B100 samples tested fail the D6751 specification
30% fail total glycerin – immediate operational problems in cold weather
Other issue of concern is 20% failure rate for Na+K
Samples were collected randomly, not on production volume basis
• Biodiesel, based on production volume, may have different failure rate
• Poor quality batch may have contaminated larger fuel lot
35

36. 2008 B100
Quality Survey
Collect B100 samples directly from producers
and analyze for p p
y properties most likely to
y
impact engine performance and emission
control systems
Flash point, oxidation stability, acid value, free and
total glycerin, cloud point, Na+K, Ca+Mg, P, water
& sediment
First survey that will link test results to
y
production volume
Results presented at 2008 National Biodiesel
Conference and Expo
2008 B100
Quality Survey
Over 90% of the volume sold in the US
met ASTM specifications
BQ-9000 companies consistently met or
exceeded ASTM
specifications, regardless of size of
company/plant
p y/p
Of non BQ-9000 companies, out of spec
product was more likely with smaller
companies
36

37. Biodiesel Performance:
Some E
S Examples of Field
l f Fi ld
Durability Studies
Many detailed B20 Studies have
been performed and published
US Postal Service, St Louis Bus System
Service St.
Denver Regional Transit Bus System
Las Vegas Valley Water District
Clark County, NV School District
Connecticut DOT; Keene, NH; NC DOT;
Keene
Cedar Rapids, IA Buses, etc. etc. etc.
37

38. Handling & Usage
Department of
Energy (DOE)
B100 & Blends
Material
Compatibility
Engine Performance
Diesel and Biodiesel
Emissions
Fleet Management
Experiences
38

39. Cold weather can cloud and even gel any
diesel fuel, including biodiesel.
Users of a B20 with #2 diesel will usually
experience an increase of the cold flow
properties (cold filter plugging point, cloud
point
point, pour point) approximately 2 to 10°
Fahrenheit.
Similar precautions employed for petroleum
diesel are needed for fueling with 20
percent blends.
• blending with #1 diesel (kerosene)
• using fuel heaters and parking indoors
• and using a cold-flow improvement
additive
User B20 Results Summary
Similar fuel economy
Similar maintenance costs
Some initial filter clogging—’cleaning the system’
Some cold weather filter clogging
Usually due to in-adequate blending or handling,
‘normal diesel issues, poor quality biodiesel or imposter
normal issues
biodiesel
Following established guidelines give trouble free use
Positive driver and user experience—smell, smoke
39

40. Biodiesel Performance:
Some E
S Examples of Lab
l fL b
Durability Studies
1000 Hour
Durability B20
These slides courtesy of Cummins. Testing at SwRI.
The objective was to operate the engine for 1000 hr using
B20 biodiesel fuel, and do a comparative analysis with
engines that have operated under the same type of
conditions using #2D diesel fuel.
Accelerated, high-load
durability c cle
d rabilit cycle
hr
0 25 50 125 1000
40

41. Test Engine
Cummins prototype 2007 ISL
Six cylinder 8.9 liter
Rated power of 330 BHP
Peak torque of 1150 ft•lb at 1300 rpm
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
Post injection (in-cylinder) for active regeneration
Variable geometry turbocharger
g y g
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with cooler
Cummins fuel injection system
Test Cycles
Durability Testing
Accelerated High Idle
Peak
High-load Power
Low Idle
Transient cycle Peak
Varying load and speed Torque
Cycle repeated for 1000 hr >70% of durability
Emissions Testing
cycle at full load
Federal Test Procedure (FTP)
One cold start transient FTP test
Three hot start transient FTP test
One SET Ramped Modal Cycle
41

42. Durability & Emission Results
Approximately 17,000 gallons of B20 biodiesel fuel was used during
the durability t t
th d bilit test.
Test went well and was successful. There were no biodiesel related
failures during the test, and no reported significant changes in
performance of the engine.
Engine performance was essentially the same when tested at 125 &
1000 hr of accumulated durability operation.
Emission results indicate that THC, CO, and PM levels were not
significantly different between the B20 and ULSD.
g y
The emission-grade B20 test resulted in ≈6% higher NOx (within
expected range)
Fuel consumption was observed to be ≈3% higher than the 2007
certified ULSD test (within expected range).
Overhead
Components
Top of cylinder head Bottom of cylinder head
No sludge deposits Deposits comparable to #2D
Results are typical for this type
of test with #2D diesel fuel
Intake Valves Exhaust Valves
42

43. Power Transfer Components
Component
p Comments
Cranckshaft Gear Meets rebuild spec
Cam Gear Meets rebuild spec
Cam Bushing Meets rebuild spec
Fuel Pump Gear Meets rebuild spec
Cranckshaft Meets rebuild spec
Lower & Upper Normal wear During teardown, the crankshaft was
Bearings found to be in very good condition, and
f d b i d di i d
Connecting Rod Meets rebuild spec results were comparable to #2D diesel
fuel test.
Connecting Rod Meets rebuild spec
Bushing
Power Cylinder
Components Crosshatch visible in all six cylinders.
Component Comments
Piston Normal light wear and Minor staining
deposits.
Cylinder Normal light wear.
Liners
Top rings Normal uniform face Ring Grooves
Anti-Thrust Side
wear. Top and bottom Cylinder 1
side look typical.
Middle rings
g Normal face wear. Top
p
and bottom sides OK, and
light carboning. Top Piston
Oil rings Looked good. Very little
Piston Bowl Front
Cylinder 1
wear.
Results comparable to #2D diesel fuel test.
43

44. Cooling and Lube
Components
Cylinder 1 Top
Component Comments Cylinder 6 Bottom
Oil pump No issues
Oil cooler head No issues
Oil cooler cover No issues
Oil pressure No issues
regulator/bypass Bottom (Oil) Piston Rings
Piston cooling No problems due
nozzles
l to B20. There were no failures found on the
cooling and lube components. The
Oil Pan Normal
wear and deposits found on the parts
Oil suction tube Gasket showed were normal and consistent with
good imprint of findings found on parts that ran with
seal #2 diesel fuel in similar tests.
Turbo coolant/oil Normal
lines
Air Handling Components
Component Comments
Exhaust Manifold No issues.
EGR Cooler No cracks, light
coating of soot on
inlet and outlet tubes.
No soot in inlet
diffuser. Findings
good overall.
EGR Valve Looked good.
Normal soot
accumulation.
EGR gaskets, hoses, No issues found due Carbon deposit layer was generated on the
tubes, shield, to running with B20. passage and inside parts of the EGR
mounting plate, valve, but thickness was very thin and
crossover condition was dry which is normal for this
durability test.
44

45. Aftertreatment Components
Component Comments
Diesel Looked good. No face plugging.
Oxidation Blockages found appeared like debris and substrate material.
Catalyst (DOC) Debris was analyzed under Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy
(EDS), and all debris found is expected in a typical DOC after
1000 hr of operation, whether fueled with ULSD or biodiesel.
Diesel Inlet face showed signs of ash build up, but similar to diesel
Particulate fuel for this type of test.
Filter (DPF) Outlet looked good with no signs of soot.
No failure found.
Inlet and Looked good.
outlet section
Gaskets Looked good.
Fuel System Pictures
Stage 1 Plunger Needle Plunger Needle – Top View
No marks
on needle
surface or
the edge.
Some slight staining.
Plunger Orifice
not clogged with
oil sludge or Stage 2 Plunger
deposits Needle has some wear,
but normal for this type
of aggressive test.
45

46. Fuel System
Components
Rail and fuel Rail – No abnormal wear.
lines End Fitting – No unusual wear.
HP Fuel Lines – No visible structural deterioration or cracks
observed.
observed
Mechanical No unusual wear, deterioration or sludge buildup observed on
Dump Valve plungers, plunger seats or orifice.
(MDV) 1) Stage One Plunger – No wear visible on the needle surface or
the edge. Some slight staining seen on plunger base.
2) Stage Two Plunger – Some wear, but normal. Plunger orifice
not clogged with oil sludge or deposits.
Injectors Injector performance test and photos indicate that the injectors were
consistent with injectors that ran with #2D diesel fuel.
Soft Lines No visible damage to any section of the internal wall of the used fuel
tubes indicating that the tubing liner material is resistant to the B20
temperatures and pressures during the engine performance test.
Overall There were no signs of severe or aggressive corrosion pitting
damage on any of the surfaces.
Summary
A Cummins 2007 prototype 8.9 liter ISL diesel engine equipped with
DOC, DPF, VGT, and EGR with cooler was operated successfully at SwRI using a
high-load accelerated durability cycle for 1000 hr with a B20 blend of soy-based
biodiesel and ULSD.
During the durability testing, no biodiesel related failures occurred.
Engine performance was essentially the same when tested at 125 and 1000 hr of
accumulated durability operation. Emissions measurements indicate the
HC, CO, and PM were not significantly different between the B20 and ULSD
tests, and NOx increased with B20 fuel. Fuel consumption also increased with
B20 fuel.
A thorough engine teardown evaluation of the overhead, power
transfer, cylinder, cooling, lube, air handling, gaskets, aftertreatment, and fuel
system parts was performed.
There were no failures found on the engine components that were directly
attributable to running biodiesel B20.
The wear and deposits found were normal and consistent with findings from
parts that ran with #2 diesel fuel in similar tests.
46

47. Emissions Regulation Drives Modern Oil Quality
14.4
16
14
8.05
12 6.7 6.7
NOx, g/kW-Hr
10
5.4
8
6 3.3 1988
1990
4
1.5 1991
2 1994 CE
0.27
0.013
0 1998 CF-4
0.134
2000 CG-4
0.33
2002
CH-4
2007 CI-4
0.80
2010
CJ-4
PC-11?
Engine Lube Tests with B-20
Objective: To determine if there are any effects on lubricant
performance f
f from th use of B 20 fuel
the f B-20 f l
B5 and lower is now considered covered as ‘normal’ diesel fuel
Plan: Run standard engine tests with B-20 using standard
reference oils to compare lube performance with a standard #
2 diesel
Fuel: B-20 blended from PC-10 fuel and B-100 such that the
blend meets D 7467
47

48. Engine Durability Tests for CJ-4 Oil
Demand Increased Performance
Caterpillar C-13
C 13 Mack T-12
T 12 Cummins ISB Cummins ISM
Oil Consumption Power Cylinder Slider Valve Train Power Cylinder, Valve
Blow-By and Wear and Wear and After- Train Wear, Filter Life
Piston Deposits Oxidation Treatment and Sludge Control
Engine Tests for B-20 Evaluation
API CJ-4 Engine Test and Performance Criteria
Cummins Cummins GM Cat Cat Mack Mack Gasoline Navistar
Performance ISM ISB 6.5L C13 1N T-12 T-11(A) IIIG / IIIF 7.3L
Valve T i W
V l Train Wear X X X
Liner Wear X
Ring Wear X X
Bearing Corrosion X
Oxidation X X
Oil Consumption X X X
Iron Piston Deposits X
Aluminum Piston
Deposits X
Soot Viscosity Increase X
Sludge X
Filter Plugging X
Aeration X
Low Temp Pump @
5.2% Soot X
Performance areas covered in B-20 testing
“API CJ-4: Diesel Oil Category for Both Legacy Engines and Low Emission Engines Using Diesel Particulate Filters” James
A McGeehan, et.al. SAE 2006-01-3439 SAE 2006 Transactions Journal of Fuels and Lubricants.
48

49. Summary: Engine Test Parameters
Examination of the control parameters for these engine tests:
All wear data within acceptance limits
• No evidence of unique, higher wear type of soot
All controlled piston / ring deposits within acceptance limits
Low temperature viscometrics not an issue
Non rated engine parts appeared clean and free of sludge
O y b Co os o a d
Only Pb Corrosion and T 12 oxidation are slightly outside normal values see
o dat o a e s g t y outs de o a a ues seen
with engine oils and petrodiesel alone
Neither have caused issues with B20 use in the field
Mack T-12
Parts Cleanliness
49

50. Bottom Line
Engine / Fuel / Lubricant are inter-related
B5 and lower is just considered normal diesel fuel
Treat exactly the same as petrodiesel alone
No special engine oils are needed when using B20 at the
present time
Engine companies are evaluating lab and field data to determine if
any changes are needed in the future
Some may recommend a special oil designed for biodiesel in the
future or lower drain intervals, some may not
Follow OEM recommendations for oil change intervals and
type of engine oil
Trends in wear metals such as lead, total acid number (TAN) and
total base number (TBN) are useful indicators
ASTM Biodiesel Specs
Now Approved
Started ASTM process in 1993
After 15 years, biodiesel blends were
y ,
approved by ASTM in 2008
D6751: Pure biodiesel blend stock
D975: On/off road diesel with up to 5%
Biodiesel
D7467: On/off road diesel with biodiesel
between 6% and 20%
50

51. Spec Grade B5 and lower (D975)
Made with ASTM grade B100
Is now just considered traditional diesel
fuel falling under D975
All the same practices and procedures that apply
for diesel fuel apply for B5 and lower
pp y
Lubricity attributes of small levels of biodiesel
may enhance engine life, reduce lubricity related
repairs and problems.
Spec Grade B6 to B20 (D7467)
Made with ASTM grade B100
g
Drop in replacement for petrodiesel
Millions of miles of trouble free use
B20 holds similar levels of water as petrodiesel
Take cold weather precautions like diesel
Good detergent—may clean out systems upon
first use (filter change in 2% cases)
Use within 6 months
51

52. Going over B20 requires caution
But it can be done with proper pre cautions
pre-cautions
NBB recommends average user stay at B20
Cold flow issues are greater
Materials compatibility (hoses, gaskets)
Cleaning effect is more immediate
Engine oil may become diluted with fuel
Questions and Answers
Break
52

53. New Diesel Emissions
Technology and Biodiesel;
Troubleshooting
Diesel Emission Reductions
53

54. 2010 standards
• Introduction of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel in October 2006
• EPA emissions standard for 2007:
• Diesel particle filters (DPF)
• Increased levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and higher fuel
injection pressures
• Full EPA emissions standard in 2010:
• DPF, EGR, high pressure fuel injection
• Exhaust catalysts for NOx reduction
•NOx adsorber catalysts unburned diesel fuel for operation
catalysts,
•Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
•Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) needed for SCR operation
Diesel Particle Filters
Exhaust flows through porous wall-flow elements
PM is trapped on the walls of the filter
When exhaust temperature is high enough, PM is burned off
In most cases, unburned diesel fuel is injected to accomplish this
Precious metal is loaded onto filter walls to lower the
temperature required for regeneration
Issues:
Regeneration at low temperatures/duty cycles
Plugging with incombustible materials like lube oil ash
54

55. NOx Controls
NOx Adsorber Catalyst/Lean NOx trap
Catalyst converts all NOx to NO2, adsorbent
bed “traps” NO2
When bed is saturated, exhaust forced rich
NO2 is released and converted to N2
Bed also traps SO2, but doesn’t release it
• Near sulfur free exhaust is needed
• Higher temps, longer time needed to NOx adsorber catalyst (NAC) is also
release sulfur known as a lean-NOx trap (LNT)
90%+ conversion is possible
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Used for industrial NOx control for years
NOx + NH3
ensor
Requires a supplemental “reductant”
Se
Typically ammonia, derived from urea
• “Diesel Exhaust Fluid” SCR
80-90% reduction efficiency
Generally sulfur tolerant
Injection
Urea
Biodiesel Testing
Cummins ISB 300
2002 Engine, 2004 Certification
Cooled EGR, VGT
Johnson Matthey CCRT
12 Liter DPF
Passively Regenerated System
Pre Catalyst (NO2 Production)
Fuels: ULSD, B100, B20, B5
ReFUEL Test Facility
400 HP Dynamometer
Transient & Steady State Testing
Cummins
Soot Characterization
Significant financial support for
testing
55

56. B20 Testing
B20 results in substantial PM reduction even with DPF
(data for 2003 Cummins ISB with Johnson Matthey CCRT on HD FTP)
Reduction with DPF ranges
from 20% to 70%, depending
on basefuel, test cycle, and
other factors
• Reduction in sulfate
emissions
• Increased PM reactivity
Williams, et al., “Effect of Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Particulate
Filter Performance” SAE 2006-01-3280
Superb Results
BPT • BPT is 40ºC lower for B20
ULSD 360ºC • Soot is more easily burned off of filter
B20 320ºC • B20 can be used for lower temperature duty cycle
B100 250ºC
• Regeneration rate increases with
increasing biodiesel content
• Even at 5%, biodiesel PM measurably
oxidizes more quickly
56

57. Biodiesel and DPF
Biodiesel is compatible with Diesel Particulate
Filters, and has some distinct advantages:
Lowers regeneration temperatures
Less engine out particulate matter
May provide increased performance and decreased
maintenance vs. ULSD alone
May provide increased fuel economy
Regeneration mode is important
Late in-cylinder injection may cause increased fuel
dilution of engine oil and limit the level of biodiesel
that can be used (i.e. B20 or B5)
h b d (i
Most US heavy duty applications use exhaust stream
fuel injection which is compatible with B20, perhaps
higher blends
Some light duty OEM’s recommend max B5 at present
Biodiesel Testing with LD
Emission Systems
Includes two emission control systems and two fuel blends
on a light-duty platform
NAC/DPF and SCR/DPF
5% and 20 % biodiesel blends
Performance, optimization and durability
Aging to represent 2100 hours of operation (approximately 120,00
miles or full useful life) for B20
Emissions evaluations over UDDS, US06, and HFET– testing by EPA
Perform engine and fuel component teardown at end of aging
Engine: DCX Vehicle: Mercedes
OM646 C200 CDI
57

58. EPA Chassis Dynamometer
NOx Adsorber Catalyst (NAC)
11
10
9 Cold LA4 50,000 mile
PM [mg/mile]
120,000 mile
B20 8
7 Hot LA4 Standard Standard
6 Composite FTP75
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
NOx [g/mile]
11
10
9 Cold LA4 50,000 mile
g/mile]
120,000 mile
8
ULSD 7 Hot LA4 Standard Standard
6 Composite FTP75
PM [mg
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
NOx [g/mile]
Experimental: SCR
Diesel Particulate Filter
Compare SCR catalyst performance JM CCRT (12 Liters)
with ULSD and Soy B20 through Passively Regenerated
engine testing Pre Catalyst for NO2 Production
y
Measure relative importance of catalyst
temp, exhaust chemistry and catalyst de-NOx Aftertreatment
JM Zeolite SCR (15.5 Liters)
space velocity
Urea Injection (air assisted)
Measure B20’s impact on these system NH3 Slip Catalyst
variables and overall NOx conversion
Focus on Steady-State Modal Testing Diesel Engine
2002 Cummins ISB (300 hp)
2004 Emissions Cert
Cooled EGR, VGT, HPCR
Urea Injection
Diesel Selective NH3
DOC Particulate Catalytic Slip
Filter Reduction Cat
58

59. ULSD vs B20 – SCR
No statistical difference in NOx Conversion with B20
Conclusions:
NBB, the US Department of Energy, and the
engine and vehicle manufacturers are expending
significant resources to understand how biodiesel
blends interact with new diesel emission controls
Detailed testing thus far indicates B20 and lower
blends are compatible with both diesel and NOx
after treatment
Provides benefits in some cases
B5 is now just part of normal D975 diesel fuel
j p
Additional study is underway
Quantify long term benefits of biodiesel blends
Late in-cylinder injection may cause fuel dilution
NBB is encouraging OEM’s to publicly support B20
59

60. OEM’s and Biodiesel Support
Fuel Quality and ASTM specs are KEY
B5 across the board, especially now its in D975
Experience/familiarity of each OEM yields differing
opinions for blends over B5
B20 vs. B100 is primarily gasket/hose issue
Customer base makes a big difference
When customers say they won’t buy new engines unless B20 is
fully warranted, all of a sudden its OK!
NBB is actively working with most major OEM’s to achieve
OEM s
B20 support by all OEM’s
Fuel quality enforcement programs
ASTM Blend Standards passed last year
Aftertreatment studies
OEM Biodiesel Blends
Approve B5 :
Detroit
Diesel, Isuzu, Kubota, Mack, Mercedes, Volkswage
n, Volvo
Approve B20 or higher on at least some
models:
Arctic Cat, Buhler, Case Construction Equip., Case
IH, Caterpillar, Cummins, Chrysler (Dodge Ram &
Sprinter - Fleets) Ford, General Motors (SEO for
Fleets), Ford
fleets), Hayes Diversified Technologies, John
Deere, Navistar, Perkins, Toro
Approve B100:
Case IH, Fairbanks Morse, New Holland, Tomcar
60

61. B20 vs. Diesel: In the shop
With in spec B20 and lower, the issues you can
expect to see in your shop are the same as you
will see with petrodiesel
Except:
Expect to see less lubricity related issues
Expect to see less problems with after-treatment
p p
Filter related issues likely normal diesel issues or out of
spec or imposter biodiesel
Less black smoke from exhaust!
Sources for Filter Clogging:
Petrodiesel and Biodiesel
61

62. Exposure to Air
• Enters through vent pipes
and contains large amounts
of moisture.
• Generally
Gene all displaces the f el
fuel
as tank is emptied.
• It is not practical to keep air
from entering the tank.
• Will increase the oxidation
of fuel.
• Do not store fuels for long g
periods of time in partially
empty tanks without
stabilizers.
• Consider desiccant dryers.
Microbial Growth
Microbes are bacteria or fungus that live and
g
propagate in fuel at the fuel/water interface.
Water needed to live—no water, no bugs.
Hydrocarbons in petrodiesel or biodiesel provide
the food and the water provides the oxygen.
This environment is needed for living growth
living, growth,
and reproduction.
The filters with microbial contamination often
had an odor different from the normal fuel smell.
62

63. Water Contamination
ULSD reaches water saturation at approximately
200-300 ppm. More settles to the bottom.
NREL B20 survey data: same water saturation level
as petrodiesel. More settle to the bottom
B100 can hold more water, up to 1200 ppm
Still very small—0.12%, on the same order as gasoline
can hold water. Un-dissolved water settles to the bottom
like it does in petrodiesel tanks
tanks.
While higher than petrodiesel, biodiesel is not water loving
(i.e. hygroscopic) like ethanol is. Most people do not
understand this fact.
High Water Concentration
63

64. Icing of the filter
When there is excess free water in fuel, it
can form ice on the filter and cause filter
plugging in cold temps. A filter which has
been plugged but is clean and new at room
temperature indicates that icing is the likely
cause.
Since the temperatures of engines are
warm, any moisture picked up within the
engine can be brought back to the fuel lines.
This moisture can freeze overnight in low
ambient temperatures.
Free water
Sediment/Rust build-up
Some of the filters had solid sediment within the
folds and solid particles in the filter casing.
Sediment present in the fuel or rust particles from
within the engine can collect over time and plug
the filter even when there are not necessarily
problems with the fuel.
Not related to biodiesel use
64

65. Sediment/Rust build-up
Paraffin Wax
High level of paraffin material could be from the
way ULSD is processed.
When the temperature of the fuel is at or below
its cloud point, paraffin material will precipitate
out and collect on the bottom of the tank.
When warmed to room temperature the paraffin
wax will turn back into liquid.
q
Paraffin build-up does not come from biodiesel
fuel.
65

66. Paraffin Wax
Oxidation
Filters with a black and shiny surface but no
microbial growth odor or gel or sediment indicate
they may be plugged by oxidation build-up
build up.
Because many newer engines run at higher
temperatures, there may be a black “asphaltene”
petrodiesel type material collecting on the filter.
This phenomenon has been seen all around the
country, often in newer engines.
f i i
66

67. Oxidation
Petrodiesel does not have an oxidation
specification, while B100 and B6 to B20
specs already d
l d do.
Biodiesel can also oxidize, but oxidized
biodiesel manifests itself in acid numbers
which are out of spec
The id
Th acid number f bi di
b for biodiesel will go out
l ill
of spec before filter clogging occurs
Oxidation
67

68. Monoglyceride Build-up
The next filter tested positive for high concentrations
of saturated monoglyceride material—an out of spec
or ‘imposter’ biodiesel.
Monoglyceride is one substance that can precipitate
out of fuel if not within spec
Monoglycerides do not turn back into a liquid at room
temperature
Can be distinguished from diesel by its brownish,
butterscotch pudding type of appearance
Un-reacted Biodiesel:
gy
Saturated Mono-glyceride
68

69. Troubleshooting Checklist
Microbial Growth – Exposure to air and water
Icing of Filter – Excess water in tank
Oxidation – Hot fuel return to fuel tank
Monoglyceride Build Up – Off specification
Paraffin Wax – T Temperature at or below cloud
t t b l l d
point
Steps to Maintaining Fuel
Store Fuel in Clean, Dry Dark Environment
Keep Tank Topped off to eliminate head space
Monitor hoses, fill/vapor caps, gaskets for leaks
Storage in on-site tanks should be limited to less
than 6 months.
Once a year send your f l to lab t be t t d for
O d fuel t l b to b tested f
microbial contamination
69

70. NBB Resources
www.biodiesel.org
News Releases & Information Resources
Educational Videos Available
Technical Lib
T h i l Library & Resources
R
On-line Database & Spec Sheets
OEM Warranty Positions on Biodiesel
U.S. Diesel Vehicle List
www.BQ-9000.org
Listing of BQ-9000 Certified Companies
BQ 9000
www.allthingsbiodiesel.com
Biodiesel merchandise, literature, signage, pump
labels and more!
The Iowa Biodiesel Board and the National
Biodiesel Board authorize the reproduction or
use of this material for educational purposes
National Biodiesel Board Iowa Biodiesel Board
605 Clark Ave • PO Box 104898 4554 114th Street
Jefferson City, MO 65110-4898 Urbandale, IA 50322-5410
(800) 841-5849 (515) 727-0664
70