Analysis on Freedom of Expression in Armenia

The Public Perceptions on Freedom of Expression and Censorship in Armenia Findings of a Qualitative Research 2009

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Major Questions of the Research

Attitude Towards FoE d iffer s according to: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ideal Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Three Ideal Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* ”We are such an emotional nation that emotions always win until something very bad happens. History has shown that freedom is prohibited to such emotional nations; even democracy is wrong for us”.

Methodology of Sociological Research In-Depth Interview s. 31 Respondents Criteria Categories Spheres NGO Human Rights (Yerevan) Ecology (Yerevan) Health / Vulnerable G roups (Yerevan) Community D evelopment ( Gyumri ) Education, Youth ( Gyumri ) Human Rights ( Vanadzor ) Political P arty P ro-government Parliamentary P ro-government Parliamentary Pro-government Extra P arliamentary Opposition P arliamentary Opposition Extra P arliamentary Opposition Extra P arliamentary Art / Literature Cinema Theatre Music / Dance Painting / Sculpture Literature Literature Academia Humanities ( NAS RA ) Humanities ( IHE ) Humanities ( IHE ) Exact Sciences ( NAS RA ) Exact Sciences ( IHE ) Exact Sciences ( IHE ) Mass Media TV ( pro-government) TV (Opposition) Press ( pro-government) Press ( opposition ) Radio ( pro-government ) Radio ( opposition ) HRD

Description of In-Depth Respondents Ideal Ty pes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Non-Government al Organisations and The Institute of T he Human Rights Defender Censorship and Obstacles to FoE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Political Parties Censorship and Obstacles to FoE * Main Administration for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press under the USSR Council of Ministers was the official censorship and state secret protection organ in the Soviet Union.The censorship agency was established in 1922 under the name "Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs " .

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mass Media Censorship and Obstacles to FoE

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Art, Literature Censorship and Obstacles to FoE

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Academia Censorship and Obstacles to FoE

Additional Slide #1. CRRC Data Initiative 2008 . Trust Towards Institutions

Methodology of Sociological Research Focus Group (FG) Interviews . 16 Focus Groups Location of FG , d istribution Criteria for composition of FG , d istribution Geographic position of the region Capital city Region close to the centre Region at a medium distance Border region Education / Age / Sex Primary / Incomplete Secondary / Secondary Vocational / Incomplete Higher Education Higher Education 18-30 F emale/Male Mixed F emale/Male 31-50 F emale/Male F emale/Male F emale/Male 51 and up F emale/Male Mixed F emale/Male Total 16 Focus Groups Type of settlement in each region Regional centre Town (1) Village (2 )

Main Results of F ocus G roups Main Associative Components of FoE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Desirable Regulation of FoE According to the Ideal Types ,[object Object],[object Object]

Liberal Character Typical for overwhelming minority of respondents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Liberal Character : Desirable Regulations of FoE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* ”Recently there was a ‘burial of the red apple’... Elderly women were speaking on TV, saying ‘Oh, a curse on them’... You know, we ourselves also think that after all something is holding you back from taking that step. But... there are girls who want to live freely. Let them live. It’s their life and their right.”

Traditional and Political Characters Each of these is typical for almost half of the respondents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Traditional and Political Characters FoE in Individual Image and Pr ivate Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* ”France, under the name of ‘developed’, comes to us ‘undeveloped’ Armenians and preaches to us that we can bury the ‘red apple’. And one day they may insist that homosexuality is the only option , so that they can ruin this nation”.

Additional Slide #2. CRRC Data Initiative 2006 . The Acceptable A ge for Having Pre-Marital Sex

Traditional and P olitical C haracters FoE in Individual Image and P rivate Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],*Here we come across the ‘third person effect’, according to which, people are inclined to believe that the mass media has a greater effect on others than on themselves; no one in the FG groups mentions the changes in their own behaviour, brought about by the mass media.

FoE in the Political Field : ‘should’ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* ”At that time when K h ruschev was the king... K h ruschev gave freedom of speech, the right to free expression... this was the exact opposite of Stalin’s thesis... It was from that point that socialism crumbled”.

Traditional, Political and Liberal Characters FoE in the Economic and Legal Fields * ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* In the given field, there are no other acceptable limitations than those activities prohibited by law. Here we discuss the methods of restriction of FoE that are frequently implemented.

Empirical Regulation of FoE How does it happen in the ‘real life today’ according to the Ideal Types ,[object Object],[object Object]

Traditional, Political and Liberal Characters In Individual Image and in P rivate Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* According to E. Noelle-Neumann’s “spiral of silence” theory, the individual is inclined to avoid expressing himself, if he believes he will not receive social support ”.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* ”My husband is a member of a political party. They were saying to him, ’No, you have to come to this side. If you don’t, we will dismiss you from your job.’... T hen, (when) he didn’t go, they dismissed him”. Traditional, Political and Liberal Characters In the Political, Economic, Legal F ields

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Traditional, Political and Liberal Characters In the Political, Economic, Legal F ields

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* ”Those who spoke were detained; those who spoke were killed; those who spoke, were put under pressure. They have such intelligence, are university graduates, they are clever people (compared to us) , what can we do if they can’t do anything ? ” Traditional, Political and Liberal Characters In the Political, Economic, Legal F ields

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Traditional, Political and Liberal Characters In the Political, Economic, Legal F ields

Traditional, Political and Liberal Characters The Personal Traits and Conditions Necessary for Free Expression in Armenia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* ”(He/she should have) a country , a safe heaven, where one can flee knowing that he will never return ”.

The Ranking of Armenia against Other Countries, with Respect to FoE : State of affairs according to respondents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 3 2 L ow level of FoE M edium level of FoE H igh level of FoE

Desired Ranking of Armenia against Other Countries with Respect to FoE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 3 2 L ow level of FoE M edium level of FoE H igh level of FoE 2 ՛ * ”If , so to speak, a woman wants to work, strives for education... L et them give her freedom in those things. But to stray from the path... or go to bars, let them not give her freedom. But..., where there is a calling toward family, a love of study ing , a desire for work, let there be freedom” .

Methods for Improving the State of FoE Recommendations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Analysis on Freedom of Expression in Armenia

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Analysis on Freedom of Expression in Armenia