The document discusses water conflicts and cooperation in transboundary river basins. It provides examples of both conflict and cooperation around the Jordan River Basin and Senegal River Basin. It then discusses various cooperative initiatives across northeast Africa, including the Niger Basin Authority, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Nubian Aquifer System Project, Nile Basin Initiative, and Lake Victoria Basin Commission. It considers whether investing in the Lake Victoria or Nile Basin initiatives, and suggests the benefits approach to cooperation may be more effective than the water-sharing approach. Cooperation is recognized as a complex political process with many stakeholders.
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Cascao Hydropolitics TWM Lake Victoria 2009 (II)
1. Ana Elisa Cascão Presentation to TWM Lake Victoria Kigali, Rwanda – 26 October 2009 Hydropolitics: Water, Power and Cooperation (II) Lake Tiberias Jordan Syria Israel West Bank
10. Benefit-Sharing Paradigm Benefits to the river Benefits from the river Benefits because of the river Benefits beyond the river BENEFITS OF COOPERATION Environmental Social Economic Political Sadoff and Grey 2002, 2005 “ A focus on sharing the benefits derived from the use of water, rather than the allocation of water itself, provides far greater scope for identifying mutually beneficial cooperative actions”
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13. Benefit-Sharing or Water-Sharing? Benefit-sharing is the best approach Benefit-sharing is an intermediary solution Benefit-sharing is not a panacea for all basins Benefit-sharing is a smokescreen for status quo
14. Cooperation is as political as water BASIN Multiple stakeholders, positions, decision-making layers, approaches, strategies, complexities, ... Multilateral Donor Bilateral Donor Civil Society Riparian C Riparian B Riparian A
POLITICAL COMMITMENT prior negotiation on the benefits shared by all and a consensus on the costs and benefits distribution (“Key for cost recovery and charges”) Manantali: hydropower for all – Producible energy distribution: Mali 52%, Mauritania 15%, Senegal 33% – Construction costs: Mali 35,30% / Mauritania 22,60% / Senegal 42,10% Irrigation in the low Valley: – Manantali dam is located in Mali – Produces electricity especially for Mali – Its releases (plus Diama dam) allow for irrigation in the downstream valley throughout the year
Here are some of the current cooperation jargons Because the process of cooperation is political, usually the process blocks when serious politicsl decisions have to be taken... When countries have to commit themselves to an institutional and legal framework!
Niger riparians: Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Chad , Côte d'Ivoire , Guinea , Mali , Niger and Nigeria Lake Chad riparians: Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria and Chad. In 1994, the Central African Republic (Algeria, Sudan and Libya not members) Nubian Aquifer: Egypt, Sudan, Lybia and Chad Lake Victoria: Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania
Move away from water-sharing conflict “ Basket of benefits” Positive-Sum game Nile Basin: testing-ground
Nile Basin Initiative: Joint projects with potential for benefits Examples Hydropower production and trade Watershed management Irrigation development (upstream)