1. In the Name of God,
The Compassionate,
The Merciful

2. Dr. Sayed Inseram Ali.
B.Sc. ( Hons ), M.Sc.; AACC, ASMT, ASM, : USA;
R.M. CANADA; IFCC U. K.

3. ( 1 )- IMPORTANTANCE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM:
Immunology is the study of how the body protects
itself against invading pathogens and harmful cells
or substances.
The basic function of the immune system are to:
• Protect the body from the harmful effects of viral,
bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens and their
toxins.
• Destroy abnormal cells which may formed in the
body such as cancer cells.
• Prevent the abnormal breakdown of the body's
own tissues.

4. ( 2 )- NATURAL AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY.
The body's immune mechanisms consist of :
• Non-specific natural immunity.
• Specific acquired immunity. – Specific.
Non
•Mechanical Barriers.
•Antimicrobial secretion.
•Phagocytosis.
•Killer Cells. ( Natural ).
•Body Natural Microbial flora.
•Genetic factors.
Specific
(1) - Humoral or Cell- Mediated.
IMMUNITY : (2)- Corporal Local Abs.
Active : (1) - Infection.
(2) - Immunization
Vaccination.
Passive : (1) - Transplacental Breast
Milk. (2) - Antitoxins Gamma globulins.

5. Antibodies :
Antibodies are immunoglobulin's ( Ig ) which react specifically
with antigens. Immunoglobulin's are composed of two types of
polypeptide ( amino acid ) chains, i.e. heavy chains and light
chains. They are classified by their heavy chains because these
are different for each class of immunoglobulin as follows :
Ig G :
Ig G is the main antibody which binds to foreign antigen at a
later stage of a primary infection than Ig M and forms the rapid
antibody response in repeated infection i.e. secondary
response.
Ig M :
Ig M provide the early but short - lived antibody response in a
primary infection, and therefore rises in Ig M levels indicate
present or recent infection.

6. Ig A :
Ig A antibodies are found in secretions of the eye, nose,
mouth, bronchi, and intestinal tract. They are locally
active in neutralizing toxins and viruses, and assisting
in phagocytosis.
Ig D :
Ig D is normally present in the body in small amount. It
is known to be active against food antigens and auto
antigens of nuclear origin.
Ig E :
Ig E, like Ig D, is also normally present in the body in
very small amounts and is found in mucous
membranes. Raised levels of Ig E are found in some
intestinal parasitic infections and Allergic
manifestation.

7. ( 3 ) - NUTRITION AND DEFICIENCY DISORDERS:
An intake of essential nutrients and water is required to
sustain life and to keep the different systems of the body
functioning well and in harmony.
( A ) - The following are required:
•Carbohydrates and fats.
•Protein.
•Fiber.
•Iron.
•Other Mineral Salts.
•Vitamins and Amino Acids.
•Water.

8. ( B ) - Importance of Breast Feeding a Baby.
Breast milk contains antibodies and other protective
substances. It is a very nutritious food and is enough
on its own for a baby's needs until the infant is about
four months old. After this, breast milk is not enough
and other food must be added to a baby's diet to
provide extra calories and protein, as well as vitamins
and minerals. If this is not done a child will not grow
and develop normally and suffer from protein – energy
malnutrition ( PEM ).
( C ) – Drugs and its abuses.
( D ) – Exposure to Natural Environment.
( E ) – Mental Stress.

9. ( 4 ) - SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST PROCEDURES.
(A)- LATEX.
(B)- HAEMAGLUTINATION.
(C)- JEL DIFFUSION.
( D )- FLOURECENT TECHNIQUE.
(E)- ELISA.
(F)- RAPID TESTS ( monoclonal and polyclonal Abs. )
Diffusion.
( G )- PCR. TECHNOLOGY.

10. ( 5 ) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST REQUIREMENT.
SAMPLE:
S - Smallest
A - Amount of
M - Material
P - Provided to
L - Laboratory for
E - Evaluation.

11. ( 6 ) – SAMPLE REQUIRMENT.
( a ). MACRO TESTING.
( b ). MICRO TESTING.
( 7 ) – HOW TO INTERPERATE THE RESULTS.
A – BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. SALMONELLA.BRUCELLA.
B – VIRAL INFECTION. HEPATITIS, HIV, HSV, CMV,
CHLAMYDIA,RUBELLA, ETC.
C – PROTOZOAL INFECTION. SHISTOSOMA, AMOEBA, TOXO.

12. ( 8 ) - CONCCUSION.
1 - No Serological Negative test gives final diagnosis. Due to
seropositive window.
2 - Low titre positive result should not be given final
diagnosis till the follow up is done and confirmed.
3 - In some Bacterial, parasitological and viral infection IgG
result should not be considered as final for treatment till IgM
is done.
4 - A confirm positive result is taken as positive.

13. Final Remark's:
An apple a day keeps the Doctor Away
But
If the Doctor is good and handsome keeps the
sickness away.
( Zain Lab in need is a Zain Lab indeed ).
END.

19. LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST
ENJOY DINNER.

20. Sayed Inseram Ali, Technical Director
Zain Clinical Laboratory
PO Box # 803
Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Telephone: (9664) 5236361
Fax: (9664) 8251978