Krill meal was evaluated as a replacement for fishmeal and other costly ingredients in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei. Juvenile shrimp were fed diets with varying levels of krill meal or krill oil in indoor clear water and outdoor green water tanks. Shrimp growth and survival were generally similar between diets, though green water promoted higher growth. Diets with krill meal and krill oil provided 12-23% higher profits compared to fishmeal-based diets. Krill meal was found to fully replace fishmeal and soy lecithin without negatively impacting shrimp performance.

1. GROWTH OF Litopenaeus vannamei FED WITH KRILL MEAL IN REPLACEMENT OF FISHMEAL AND OTHER HIGH COST-IMPACT INGREDIENT SOURCES Alberto J.P. Nunes1, Sigve Nordrum, Marcelo V.C. Sá, Hassan Sabry-Neto LABOMAR*. Brazil 1E-mail: albertojpn@uol.com.br *Part of Universidade Federal do Ceará WAS 2009 Meeting Veracruz, Mexico Shrimp Nutrition Special Session September 27th, 2009 11:30 am

3. Krill is the world’s largest animal biomass, with estimates varying between 150 and 700 million tons

4. TAC is 1% or 4 million tons; in ‘08 about 0.5 million tons caught

5. Krill meal studies with penaeids focused on its use as a feed supplement to enhance growth or to promote feed intake

6. No work exists on the use of krill meal or krill oil as ingredient sources in diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannameiPhoto credits: AkerBiomarine ASA, Norway

7. Objectives To evaluate the growth performance of juveniles of L. vannamei when fed diets containing Krill meal and Krill oil under partial or full replacement of fishmeal, fish oil, soy lecithin and cholesterol To determine optimum inclusion levels of Krill meal in diets for the white shrimp in regards its growth and economical performance Major protein and lipid ingredients used in experimental diets for growth trials with L. vannamei

8. LABOMAR/UFC Eusébio. BRAZIL Pacoti River Estuary Indoor tanks Outdoor tanks 19/jan/2009

9. Rearing System INDOOR 25 tanks OUTDOOR 25 tanks Clear water 500-L volume 0.57 m2 area 100 shrimp/m2 Green water 1.000-L vol. 1.02 m2 area 60 shrimp/m2

11. Fishmeal, Anchovy 4.07% 1.57% 3.04% 5.07% 5.01% 1.92% 2.76% 2.55% 3.51% EAA (as is) ARG HIS ISO LEU LYS MET PHE THR VAL versus 24.74% Other 67.65% Protein 7.61% Lipid Krill meal 6.11% 2.61% 3.85% 6.61% 7.22% 2.66% 3.81% 3.19% 3.99% EAA (as is) ARG HIS ISO LEU LYS MET PHE THR VAL 14.90% Other EFA (% of total lipid) ƩHUFA n-3 ƩHUFA n-6 4.32% TL 1.80% TL 60.10% Protein 25.00% Lipid EFA (% of total lipid) ƩHUFA n-3 ƩHUFA n-6 22.11% TL 4.99% TL > 40% phospholipid

12. Protein Ingredients Fixed portion

13. Aminoacid composition (% as is) 7.00 Basal 6.00 KO25 KM10 5.00 KM50 KM50 KM110 KM10 4.00 KM110 3.00 2.00 1.00 KO25 Basal 0.00 ALA ARG ASP GLY ISO LEU GLU LYS CYS MET PHE TYR THR TRY PRO VAL HIS SER

14. Water Quality Salinity INDOOR Temperature 43 8.60 100 shrimp/m2 pH C) 8.40 41 o Clear-Water System Salinity: 32.4 ± 2.6 ppt (n = 1.225) pH: 7.72 ± 0.23 (n = 1.225) Temperature: 27.4 ± 0.8oC (n = 1.225) 8.20 39 8.00 37 7.80 35 pH Salinity (ppt) - Temperature ( 7.60 33 7.40 31 7.20 29 7.00 27 6.80 25 6.60 1 5 7 10 13 16 19 21 24 28 31 34 36 40 42 44 47 52 55 57 61 63 65 67 71 Days of Rearing OUTDOOR 60 shrimp/m2 Green-Water System Salinity: 36.6 ± 3.5 ppt (n = 1.150) pH: 8.13 ± 0.17 (n = 1.150) Temperature: 29.6 ± 0.9oC (n = 1.150) 43 8.60 8.40 41 8.20 39 8.00 37 Salinity (ppt) - Temperature (oC) 7.80 35 pH 7.60 33 7.40 31 7.20 29 7.00 27 6.80 25 6.60 1 4 7 11 13 15 18 20 23 28 30 33 37 40 42 46 49 54 56 60 63 68 70 Days of Rearing

15. 100% Shrimp Survival INDOOR P > 0.05 83.9% 83.5% 90% 81.4% 80.7% 80.0% 80% 70% KM50 Basal KM110 KM10 KO25 P > 0.05 100% OUTDOOR 93.4% 94.4% 91.8% 91.5% Clear water system promoted a statistically lower survival rate (81.4 ± 7.3%) compared to the green water system (91.4 ± 5.4%) 85.9% 90% 80% 70% KM50 Basal KM110 KM10 KO25

16. Shrimp Final Body Weight (g) OUTDOOR P < 0.05 14.62 INDOOR 15.0 14.62 P > 0.05 14.19 b b 13.94 14.00 14.0 ab a a 13.32 13.32 13.05 13.05 12.93 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 KM10 KM110 KM50 KO25 Basal KM110 KM50 KM10 KO25 Basal Under green water, shrimp fed the Basal and KO25 diets achieved a statistically higher final body weight than those fed diets KM10 and KM50

17. Shrimp Weekly Growth (g/week) OUTDOOR INDOOR P > 0.05 P > 0.05 1.2 1.08 1.06 1.02 1.05 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.8 0.4 KM10 KM110 KM50 KO25 Basal KM110 KM50 KM10 KO25 Basal Under green water conditions. shrimp consistently kept individual growth rates above 1.00 g/wk over the growth cycle. in clear-water tanks they remained below or close to 1.00 g/wk regardless of diet type. A higher shrimp growth was achieved in green water than in clear water conditions (P < 0.05)

18. Shrimp Final Yield (g/m2) 808 900 801 INDOOR 772 770 P > 0.05 778 OUTDOOR P > 0.05 610 650 578 555 576 525 400 KM10 KM110 KM50 KO25 Basal KM110 KM50 KM10 KO25 Basal Due to a more intensive rearing condition for shrimp reared indoors. a 37% higher yield was achieved in clear water than under green water conditions (P < 0.05). This occurred despite a lower final shrimp survival obtained in clear water versus in green water (81.4 ± 7.3% versus 91.4 ± 5.4%. respectively).

19. Economical Analysis Clear water system: 12% higher profit with diets containing Krill meal or Krill oil Green water system: 23% higher profit with diets containing Krill meal or Krill oil

20. Conclusions Krill meal was able to fully replace fishmeal and soy lecithin at no significant cost to shrimp performance The use of Krill meal at all inclusion levels adopted (1%, 5% and 11%) and Krill oil at 2.5% led to a higher economical return when compared to a diet containing 18.5% fishmeal, 2.0% fish oil, 1.5% soy lecithin and 0.15% cholesterol