2. Introduction
TB can involve any part of GIT from mouth to
anus, peritoneum & pancreatobiliary system.
Very varied presentation possible ⇒
TB of GIT- 6th most frequent extrapulmonary site.
3. HIV & TB
Before era of HIV infection > 80% TB
confined to lung
Extrapulmonary TB increases with HIV
40 –60% TB in HIV+ pt - extrapulmonary
Globally, propotion of coinfected pt > 8 %
~ 0.4 million people in India coinfected.
16.6% abdominal TB pt in Bombay HIV +.
5. Pathogenesis
Mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis reach the
GIT:
Hematogenous spread from primary lung focus
Ingestion of bacilli in sputum from active pulmonary focus.
Direct spread from adjacent organs.
Via lymph channels from infected LN
6. Most common site - ileocaecal region
Increased physiological stasis
Increased rate of fluid and electrolyte absorption
Minimal digestive activity
Abundance of lymphoid tissue at this site.
7. Distribution of tuberculous lesions
Ileum > caecum > ascending colon > jejunum
>appendix > sigmoid > rectum > duodenum
> stomach > oesophagus
More than one site may be involved
8. Peritoneal involvement occurs from :
Spread from LN
Intestinal lesions or
Tubercular salpingitis
Abdominal LN and peritoneal TB may occur without
GIT involvement in ~ 1/3 cases.
9. Peritoneal tuberculosis occurs in 3 forms.
• Wet type - ascitis.
• Encysted (loculated) type - localized swelling.
• Fibrotic type - masses composed of mesenteric &
omental thickening, with matted bowel loops.
10. Clinical Features
Mainly disease of young adults
~ 2/3 of pt. are 21-40 yr old
Sex incidence equal.
Clinical presentation → Acute / Chronic / Acute on
Chronic.
12. Tuberculosis of esophagus
Rare ~ 0.2% of total cases
By extension from adjacent LN
Low grade fever / Dysphagia / Odynophagia /
Midesophageal ulcer
Mimics esophageal Ca
13. Gastroduodenal TB
Stomach and duodenum each ~ 1% of total cases
Mimics PUD - shorter history, non response to t/t
Mimics gastric Ca.
Duodenal obstruction - extrinsic compression by tuberculous
LN
Hematemesis / Perforation / Fistulae / Obstructive jaundice
Cx-Ray usually normal
Endoscopic picture - non specific
14. Ileocaecal tuberculosis
Colicky abdominal pain
‘Ball of wind’ rolling in abdomen
Borborygmi
Right iliac fossa lump - ileocaecal region,
mesenteric fat and LN
15. Obstruction
Most common complication
Pathogenesis
Hyperplastic caecal TB
Strictures of the small intestine--- commonly multiple
Adhesions
Adjacent LN involvement → traction, narrowing and fixation of
bowel loops.
16. Perforation
2nd commonest cause after typhoid
Usually single and proximal to a stricture
Clue - TB Chest x-ray, h/o SAIO
Pneumoperitoneum in ~ 50% cases
17. Malabsorption
Pathogenesis
bacterial overgrowth in stagnant loop
bile salt deconjugation
diminished absorptive surface due to ulceration
involvement of lymphatics and LN
18. Segmental / Isolated colonic tuberculosis
Involvement of the colon without involvement of the
ileocaecal region
9.2% of all cases
Multifocal involvement in ~ 1/3 (28% to 44%)
Median symptom duration <1 year
19. Colonic tuberculosis
Pain --- predominant symptom ( 78%-90% )
Hematochezia in < 1/3 - usually minor
Overall, TB accounts for ~ 4% of LGI bleeding
Other features--- fever / anorexia / weight loss /
change in bowel habits
20. Rectal and Anal Tuberculosis
Hematochezia - most common symp. Due to mucosal
trauma by stool
Constitutional symptoms
Constipation
Rectal stricture
Anal fistula – usually multiple
21. Diagnosis and Investigations
Non specific findings---
Raised ESR
Positive Mantoux test
Anemia
Hypoalbuminaemia
22. Immunological Tests
ELISA
Response to mycobacteria variable & reproducibility poor
Value of immunological tests remain undefined
23. Ascitic fluid examination
Straw coloured
Protein >3g/dL
TLC of 150-4000/µl, Lymphocytes >70%
SAAG < 1.1 g/dL
ZN stain + in < 3% cases
+ culture in < 20% cases
24. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA)
Aminohydrolase that converts adenosine inosine
ADA increased due to stimulation of T-cells by
mycobacterial Ag
Serum ADA > 54 U/L
Ascitic fluid ADA > 36 U/L
Ascitic fluid to serum ADA ratio > 0.985
Coinfection with HIV → normal or low ADA
25. Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy - mucosal nodules & ulcers
Nodules
Variable sizes (2 to 6mm)
Non friable
Most common in caecum especially near IC valve.
Tubercular ulcers
Large (10 to 20mm) or small (3 to 5mm)
Located between the nodules
Single or multiple
Transversely oriented / circumferential contrast to Crohns
Healing of these ‘girdle ulcers’→ strictures
Deformed and edematous ileocaecal valve
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32. Colonoscopic Diagnosis
8 –10 Bx from ulcer edge
Low yield on histopath as mainly submucosal disease
Granulomas in 8%-48%
Caseation in ~ 1/3 (33%-38%) of + cases
AFB stains - variable
Culture positivity in 40%
Combination of histology & culture ⇒ diagnosis in 60%
33. Laparoscopic Findings
Thickened peritoneum with tubercles -
Multiple, yellowish white, uniform (~ 4-5mm) tubercles
Peritoneum is thickened & hyperemic
Omentum, liver, spleen also studded with tubercles.
Thickened peritoneum without tubercles
Fibro adhesive peritonitis
Markedly thickened peritoneum and multiple thick adhesions
Caseating granulomas + in 85%-90% of Bx
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35. Management
ATT for at least 6 months including 2 months of Rif, INH,
Pzide and Etham
However in practice t/t often given for 12 to 18 months
2 recent reports → obstructing lesions may relieve with ATT
alone
However most will need surgery