Presented by Lava Kumar (IITA) and Warren Arinaitwe (CIAT) at the Africa RISING East and Southern Africa annual review and planning meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3-5 September 2013

1. Plant disease and pest monitoring surveys
in Africa RISING action areas in Tanzania
Africa RISING East and Southern Africa annual review and planning
meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3-5 September 2013
Lava Kumar (IITA) and Warren Arinaitwe
(CIAT)

2. Papias Binagwa and Edith Kadege
Selian Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Tanzania
Jean Claude Rubyogo, Mathew Abang and Warren Arinaitwe*
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Lava Kumar*, C Agboton, M Harun, E Mbiru, F Ngulu, E Swai, D Coyne, F Beed,
M Tamo, M Bekunda and I Hoeschle-Zeledon
A Owati, O Patricia, I David and M Hema
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
*Presenting authors
Study Team and Authors

3. Objective
“To provide current information on the abundance and
distribution of important pests and diseases of common bean,
groundnut, maize, pigeonpea and soybean in the Africa RISING
project action areas”
Approach
Interdisciplinary study teams from organizations working in
the actions sites participated in the survey
Surveys were conducted in April
•Filed observation
•Sample collection for laboratory analysis
•Interview with farmers

4. Geographic coverage
Sub-Humid District
(1610 to 2178 mts)
Njoro
Semi-Arid Districts
(1261- 1527 mts)
Medium elevation
Low rain
Moleti
Mlali-Lyegu
High rain
Seleto
Long
Low rain
Sabelo
•Maize in all locations
•Common bean survey in Babati

5.  Farmer fields and project sites
were surveyed.
 Structured questionnaires &
field observation methods used
to obtain data including, gender,
input usage, production trends
P&D Management,P&D incidence
&severity.
 Data was analysed using SPSS
Survey Methodology
Maize
Common bean

6. Variable Groups Frequency (%)
Total land
owned
0-4 acres 90.0
5-10 acres 10.0
11 and above 0.0
Land under
maize
0-4 acres 100.0
5-10 acres 0.0
Cropping
pattern
Monocropping 50.0
Intercropping 40.0
Both 10.0
Planting
pattern
Row planting 100.0
Source of
seed
Own saved seed 50.0
Seed dealer 40.0
Local market 10.0
Trend of maize production- 5 years:
Decreasing: 30%
Increasing: 10%
Same: 60%
Preferred varieties:
Local: 40% reason drought tolerant,
affordable/ easily accessible
Improved: 60% High yield
Production constrains
Weather: Drought
Pests and diseases
Access to inputs: usually delayed,
improved varieties are expensive
Generally farmers perception on IPM
option is low. They do not practice crop
rotation.
Farmer responses (N=10)

7. District Altitude
(mts)
Locations Rainfall Total
farms
Babati 1610 –
2178
Long High rain 5 Aphids (4/5)
Stem borer (1/5)
Siloto High rain 5 Stem borer (3/5)
Sabilo Low-rain 4 Aphids (1/4)
Kiteto 1520 –
1527
Njoro Low rain 2 Stem borer (2/2)
Kongwa 1132 -
1299
Mlali-Lyegu Low rain 3 Stem borer (2/3)
Moleti Low rain 2 Stem borer (2/2)
Kwamasingisa Low rain 1 Stem borer
• Two maize varieties (Situka and Kilima) were more susceptible to the stem bores
attacks (mainly Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis).
• There may exist other stem borer species to be identified.
• Maize aphids also were encountered and its infestation rates were fluctuate
• Some aphids parasitoids exist in the fields and other aphids were attacked by
Neozygites.
Summary of pests

8. Larvae of Sesamia calamistis Larva of Busseola fusca Stem borer damages

9. Aphid infestation on maize in Long (Babati district)
Neozygites sp
Neozygites sp
Aphids detected on 3 – 50% of the plants in Long (high altitude ca2100 mts)
Biocontrol agents colonized aphid colonies

10. D02_Rm2COI_826285
E02_Rm3COI_826286
G04_RmECR1_826304
G11_RmECR2_826360
H11_RmECR3_826361
A05_RmAIbo_826306
B01_F11TTa_840483
D03_Rm4COI_826293
C02_Rm1COI_826284
F02_Rm3bCO_826287
HQ112195India-R maidis
F01_F12Tan_840487
G01_F9Tanz_840488
A01_F10Tan_840482
C01_F11BTa_840484
TANZF13COF
D01_F2Tanz_840485
GU457795RhoKorea-R padi
GU140277Canada-P nigronervosa
100
100
99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.01
Rhopalosiphummaidis
Rhopalosiphumpadi
Molecular analysis (COI gene-based taxonomy) confirmed aphids found in all
locations as R. padi. Only in one location (Long) R. maidis observed on cobs.
Aphis craccivora detected on pigonpea in one location (Kiteto)
Identification of aphids

11. Striga asciatica
Severe incidence of striga in Kongwa (Moleti)
Not observed in any other location

12. Species Average per 100 g root
sample from 78 samples
(frequency)
Host
Pratylenchus zeae 17804 (N = 51) Maize, groundnut,
sorghum, sunflower,
pigeonpea and common
bean
Helicotylenchus
multicinctus
335 (N=14) Maize, sorghum,
bambara
Helicotylenchus dihystera 8000 (N=1) Common bean
Meladogyne spp. 3297 (N=12) Maize, groundnut,
sorghum, sunflower,
pigeonpea and common
bean
Tylenchus semipenetrans 95 (N=6) Maize, common bean
Root nematodes

13. Species
Total detected
(N=76)
Frequenc
y
Pratylenchus zeae 1964 18
Helicotylenchus multicinctus 620 17
Helicotylenchus dihystera 87 5
Tropholus spp 24 9
Tylenchus semipenetrans 64 14
Aphelenchus spp. 44 6
Aphlencoid 2 1
Hoploliamus spp. 40 8
Paratrichodorus spp. 46 11
Rhadinaphelenchus spp. 7 4
Rhabditis (steinerma and Heterorhabdits spp.) 2542 76
Rotylenchulus reniformis 2 2
Xiphinema spp. 15 6
Trichodorus spp. 0 0
Longidorus spp. 0 0
Meloidogyne spp 2324 23
Nematodes in soil samples
Molecular identification of nematode species is in progress

14. Fungal and viral diseases
District Locations Bipolaris
leaf blight
% inc (sev)
Curvularia leaf
spot
% inc (sev)
Turcicum leaf
blight
% inc (sev)
MLND
% inc (sev)
MSV
% inc
(sev)
Babati Long <10 (3) 10 – 20 (3) 10 - 40 (3) + <2 (3)
Siloto 20 (3) 15 (3) 10 – 20 (2) 10 – 50 (4) <2 (3)
Sabilo 35 (3) + 10 – 20 (3) - <2 (3)
Kiteto Njoro + + <10 (3) + <1 (2)
Kongwa Mlali-Lyegu + + <10 (3) +
Moleti + + 30 (3) + 10-30 (3)
Kwamasingisa + + + - -

15. Babati
Bipolaris leaf blight
Curvularia leaf spot
Turcicum leaf blight
Virus diseases (MLND) in Seleto

16. Kiteto (Njoro)
Field trial of new maize lines in a
farmer’s field
Brown spot
Termites
Rust ?
Drought and turcicum leaf blight

17. Kongwa
Drought
Curvularia leaf spot
Turcicum leaf blight
Turcicum leaf blight Ergot / heat smut Curvularia leaf spot

18. Maize lethal necrosis in Babati (Seloto)

19. MCMoV + SCMV
(MLND)
MCMV only
MCMV SCMV SCMV+MCMV MSV SScMV
Maize
stripe
Maize
mosaic
virus
51 (64%) 18 (22.5) 17 (21.5) 16 (20) 13 (16.2) 4 (5) 0
Viruses detected (N = 80 samples)
SCMV only
Incidence of MLN agents differ

20. S FT W1 W2 W3 W4 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
MCMV CP1 induced with
1mM IPTG and purified
through Ni-NTA column
S: Soluble fraction; FT: Flow through
W1-W4 : Washings; E1-E6 : Elutions
Expressed MCMoV CP
Cloning and expression of MCMoV
Coat Protein in E. coli

21. MCMoV Infected sample Healthy MSV Buffer
1:2000 3.00 1.21 1.95 0.16 0.17 0.16
1:10,000 2.62 0.78 1.43 0.16 0.17 0.16
1:20,000 1.92 0.51 0.93 0.16 0.17 0.15
MCMoV antibodies in ELISA
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
ODat405nm
Inf Hel MSV Buf

22.  Production is male
dominated
 63.3% of farmers
intercropped beans and
use of owned saved seed
is most common source
of planting seed
Key findings Variable Group Freq (%)
Sex Male 21 70.0
Female 9 30.0
Land under
beans
0-4 acres 24 80.0
5-10 acres 20.0
Cropping
pattern
Monocrop 6 20.0
Intercrop 19 63.3
Both 5 16.7
Seed source Own-saved
seed
12 40.0
Agro input
deal
3 10.0
Local
market
10 33.3
Others 5 16.7

23.  54% of farmers consider bean production to be decreasing
 Pests and disease (36%); drought (40%) were cited as the
major to decreasing trends.
Production trends in the last 5years
Decreasing Same Increasing Don’t know
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Farmers perception

25.  More than 10 pests were observed but aphids and white flies
were the most abundant.
Aphids
White
flies
Foliage
beetles
Lady
birds
Large
black
beetles
Village Variety Site In Se In Se In Se In Se In Se
Seloto Local NP 70 2 90 3 30 1 70 0 0 0
Kunguru NP 60 2 100 3 60 2 0 0 0 0
Selian 05 BS 50 2 90 3 40 1 0 0 0 0
Selian06 MS 10 0 80 2 80 2 10 0 0 0
Kunguru NP 70 2 90 3 40 1 100 0 0 0
Selian97 NP 50 2 70 2 0 0 30 0 0 0
Mean 51.7 1.7 86.7 2.6 41.7 1.2 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Long Selian06 MS 90 2 40 1 0 0 60 0 50 3
Bwana-shamba NP 100 3 40 1 70 2 80 0 0 0
Selian06 BS 0 0 80 2 0 0 0 0 70 3
Mean 63.3 1.7 53.3 1.3 23.3 0.7 46.7 0.0 40.0 2.0
Sabilo Farm NP 80 3 80 2 0 0 30 0 0 0
Kunguru NP 60 2 70 2 50 1 20 0 0 0
Bwana-shamba NP 40 1 80 2 0 0 30 0 0 0
Lyamungo90 MS 60 3 60 2 40 1 60 0 0 0
Farm NP 60 2 50 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 60.0 2.2 68.0 2.0 18.0 0.4 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

26. 5e 5f

27.  Disease varied significantly between sites with Common
bacterial blight(CBB), Angular leaf spot(ALS) & viral
diseases being the major.
CBB*
Viral
diseases Root rots Rust
Ascochyta
blight Anthracnose ALS*
Village Variety Site In Se In Se In Se In Se In Se In Se In Se
Seloto Local NP 45 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 2
Kunguru NP 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 70 2
Selian 05 BS 0 0 25 1 0 0 90 3 0 0 0 0 80 3
Selian06 MS 40 2 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 2
Kunguru NP 0 0 20 2 0 0 40 2 0 0 0 0 80 3
Selian97 NP 0 0 0 0 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 2
Mean 14 1 11 1 2 0 23 1 0 0 0 0 58 2
Long Selian06 MS 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 3 90 3 0 0
Bwana-shamba NP 80 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Selian06 BS 70 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 2 90 3 0 0
Mean 70 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 2 60 2 0 0
Sabilo Farm NP 40 2 0 0 70 3 0 0 0 0 35 1 0 0
Kunguru NP 60 2 90 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bwana-shamba NP 80 2 20 1 0 0 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lyamungo90 MS 30 1 60 2 40 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Farm NP 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 1 0 0
Mean 54 2 34 1 22 1 12 1 0 0 12 0 0 0

28.  Pests:
 Beans: Observed in all fields. Aphids and whitefly infestations were the
highest
 Maize: Observed in all fields. Stem borers and aphids found to cause
significant damage, but incidence is less <40%. Work in progress to
characterize insect specimens using DNA markers (CO1 gene)
Conclusions
 Pathogens
 Beans: Multiple disease complex wide spread on beans. Individual
disease incidence and severity differ among sites. Characterization of
pathogens pending.
 Maize: Multiple diseases widespread in all locations. Turcicum leaf
blight, bipolaris leaf blight, Curviularia leaf spot and MLND are
significant.

29.  Agricultural extension packages promoting efficient IPDM options
should be a priority in subsequent activities.
 Widen the survey scope by increasing the sample size to at least 60
farmers/village. Also include non-project districts in Tanzania.
 Identification of major pests and diseases using more robust
methods (in progress)
 Utilize the diversity knowledge to establish appropriate diagnostics
and isolates for phenotyping germplasm for disease resistance
 Promote improved disease resistant varieties to overcome common
maize diseases.
Future directions

30. Acknowledgments
Irene Mwasaga
Lazaro Tango
Frank
Africa RISING

31. Africa Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation
africa-rising.net