this ppt talks about the first and second exploration of the europeans towards asia and other parts of the world.

1. EMPERIALISM AND
COLONIALISM
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3/19/09

2. Imperialism in Asia
 roots back to the late 15TH century
 series of voyages - sea passage to India
 establishing direct trade between Europe and
Asia in spices
 16TH century: Portuguese established a
monopoly over trade between Asia and Europe
 managing to prevent rival powers from using
the water routes between Europe and the
Indian Ocean
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3. DUTCH INFLUENCE
 BUT, with the rise of the rival Dutch East
India Company
 Portuguese influence in Asia was gradually
eclipsed
 Dutch forces first established independent
bases in the East (significantly Batavia)
 between 1640 and 1660 : Malacca, Ceylon,
some southern Indian ports
 Later, the English and the French established
settlements in India
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4. BRITISH INFLUENCE
 British eliminated French influence in India
THRU Seven Years' War in 1763
 established the British East India Company as
the most important political force on the
Indian Subcontinent.
 mid-to-late 19TH century: demand for oriental
goods remained the driving force behind
European imperialism
 European in Asia remained confined largely to
trading stations and strategic outposts
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5. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 increased European demand for Asian raw
materials
 the severe Long Depression of the 1870s
provoked a scramble for new markets for
European industrial products and financial
services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern
Europe, and especially in Asia
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6. “New Imperialism”
 a new era In global colonial expansion
 a shift in focus from trade and indirect rule to
formal colonial control of vast overseas
territories ruled as political extensions of their
mother countries
 Between the 1870s and the beginning of
World War I in 1914: United Kingdom, France,
and the Netherlands — the established colonial
powers in Asia
 added to their empires vast expanses of
territory in the Middle East, the Indian
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7.  following the end of the Franco-Prussian War in
1871; Tsarist Russia; and the United States,
following the Spanish-American War in 1898
 quickly emerged as new imperial powers in
East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean area.
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8. ASIA IN WORLD WAR I & II
 struggles among several key imperial powers—
conflicts involving the European powers along
with Russia and the rising American and
Japanese powers.
 both world wars and maintain their direct rule in
Asia
 nationalist movements : led to the political
independence of nearly all of the Asia's
remaining colonies, decolonisation was
intercepted by the Cold War
 South East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East,
and East Asia remained embedded in a world
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9. post-war economic
development
 East Asian Tigers : The term Four Asian
Tigers or East Asian Tigers refers to the
highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong,
South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
 People's Republic of China : commonly
known as China, is the largest country in
East Asia and the most populous in the world
with over 1.3 billion people, approximately a
fifth of the world's population
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10. RESULT
 along with the collapse of the Soviet Union,
have loosened European and North American
influence in Asia
 generating speculation today about the
possible re-emergence of China and Japan as
regional powers.
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11. Early European exploration of
Asia
 started in ancient Roman times
 Knowledge of lands as distant as China were
held by the Romans
 Trade with India through the Roman Egyptian
Red Sea ports was significant in the first
centuries of the Common Era.
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12. Medieval European exploration
of Asia
 13th and 14th centuries: Christian missionaries
- sought to penetrate China
 Marco Polo
 little permanent effect on
East-West trade: of a series
of political developments in
Asia in the last decades of
the fourteenth century,
which put an end to further European exploration
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13.  Yuan dynasty in China: receptive to European
missionaries and merchants, was overthrown
 new Ming rulers were found to be inward
oriented and unreceptive to foreign religious
proselytism
 Turks consolidated control over the eastern
Mediterranean, closing off key overland trade
routes
 15TH century, only minor trade and cultural
exchanges between Europe and Asia
continued at certain terminals controlled by
Muslim traders.
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14. Oceanic voyages to Asia
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15.  new trade routes : oceanic routes between
East and West began with the unprecedented
voyages of Portuguese and Spanish sea
captains
 cheaper and easier access to South and East
Asian goods
 influenced by medieval European adventurers,
who had journeyed overland to the Far East
and contributed to geographical knowledge of
parts of Asia upon their return.
 1488 Bartholomeu Dias: southern tip of Africa
under the sponsorship of Portugal's John II ---
swung northeast, soon finding a sea route to
India and named the tip as the
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16.  1497, Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama
made the first open voyage from Europe to
India
 1520, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese
navigator in the service of Spain, found a sea
route into the Pacific Ocean
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17. Portuguese and Spanish trade
and colonisation in Asia
 Portuguese monopoly over trade in the
Indian Ocean
 16th century Afonso de Albuquerque
 emerged as the Portuguese colonial
viceroys most instrumental in
consolidating Portugal's holdings in Africa
and in Asia
---understood that Portugal could wrest
commercial supremacy from the Arabs
only by force
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18.  1510, he seized Goa in India, which enabled
him to gradually consolidate control of most of
the commercial traffic between Europe and
Asia
 Europeans started to carry on trade from forts,
acting as foreign merchants rather than as
settlers. In contrast, early European expansion
in the quot;West Indies
 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus,
involved heavy settlement in colonies that were
treated as political extensions of the mother
countries.
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