Earth Observation Spectrum Use Today and Tomorrow

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Earth Observation and Science Use of
Spectrum
Today and Tomorrow, in the UK and Worldwide
Daniela Genta, Head of Radio Regulatory Affairs and Policy
22/05/2014

Confidential
March 2014
Airbus Defence and Space
Europe´s No. 1 in defence and space and top 10 worldwide
World’s No. 2 in space
More than 40,000 employees
Approximately €14 billion in revenue
One mission, one team, one direction
2
Global
innovation leader
spending more
than €3 billion
in R&D
each year.

March 2014
Airbus Defence and Space: A unique international leader
Being strong together – 3 turn into 1
One Parent Company
Three Brands
Multiple Business Segments
One Company
One Brand
Four Business Segments
3

March 2014
Airbus Defence and Space: 4 Business Lines
4
Military Aircraft
• A400M, A330 MRTT, CN235,
C212, Orlik
• Eurofighter, Tornado
• Barracuda, Atlante, Harfang,
Euro Hawk, Future European
Male, Tracker, Tanan, Survey
Copter
Electronics
• Radars and Identification Friend
or Foe (IFF) Systems, Electronic
Warfare, Mission Avionics,
Space Platform Electronics,
Space Payload Electronics
Space Systems
• Ariane 5, M51, Automated
Transfer Vehicle, Eurostar
E3000, Pléiades, Gaia, Skynet,
oberservation satellites
(Spot, TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X),
MetOp, Swarm,, International
Space Station ISS,
interplanetary probes (Herschel,
Mars Express, Solar Orbiter),
Lunar Lander, COPERNICUS
and Galileo
Communication,
Intelligence
& Security (CIS)
• Surveillance and Security
Solutions, Secure
Communications Solutions,
Cyber Security, Coastal
Surveillance Systems, NATO
SATCOM Post-2000, Wireless
Intranet Solutions in Theatre,
Farmstar Expert, Tetra Systems

Confidential
Why do we need Earth Observation?
4. Juni 2014
Presentation Title runs here (go to Header & Footer to edit this text)
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Interdependence of external factors and events implies multidisciplinary impacts and benefits

Confidential
Economic Benefits
•Contributes to the development of the space industry and geo-
information services providers.
• Generated £ 11.4 billion for the satellite manufacturing industry
worldwide
• Estimated revenues of the EO services industry in 2013 are
£1.4 billions
• Estimated revenues from Geo services worldwide are
£ 90 - £ 162 billion per year
•Provides high-skilled jobs in Europe and worldwide
Earth observation data as Public Good
Societal benefits
•Fulfilling Public Needs
•Provides services of general interest under the responsibility of the
State (safety, security, …)
•Supports weather forecast, flood and landslides monitoring,
environmental planning, infrastructure integrity
4. Juni 2014
6
Source: Oxera Study for Google, 2013
SpaceTec Partners, 2013
The Guardian

Confidential
EU Copernicus benefits and impacts
• Satellite systems to create an autonomous and
capable infrastructure for EO and geo information
services for global environmental monitoring
• Downstream revenues expected up to
£25 billions by 2030 (cumulated)
• Anticipated cumulative benefits up to
£166 billions by 2030 (cumulated)
• Up to 83,000 jobs being created between 2015-
2030
• Active sensors used by EU Sentinels and
national contributing missions in in C-, X-, S-
Band (e.g. Sentinel-1, Sentinel-6, Radarsat,
TerraSAR, Cosmo, NovaSAR)
• EDRS for secure and fast data relay of Sentinels
(Laser & Ka-Band Communication)
4. Juni 2014
7
Source: PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2006
Cat 1 = Efficiency benefits
Cat 2 = European policy
formulation benefits
Cat 3 = Global action
benefits

Confidential
Earth observation community and reach in the UK
4. Juni 2014
8

Confidential
NovaSAR-S, the first UK National Radar mission
4. Juni 2014
9
SAR for
Maritime/Oil
Services
SAR for
Emerging
space fairing
nations
SAR for
Environmental
and Disaster
Applications
Ship detection
and tracking
Oil Spill
detection and
monitoring
Iceberg detection
and tracking
Ice Edge
Monitoring
De-forestation
prevention
De-forestation monitoring
Floods
Landslides
Infrastructure
damage
Fisheries protection
Illegal immigration
Smuggling detection
Anti – piracy
support
Imaging frequency: S-band (3.1-3.3GHz)
Maritime Security globally in 2011 -
US$12bn; 2021 - US$20bn/yr. (Frost
& Sullivan)
Illegal, Unreported and
Unregulated Fishing (IUU) is
estimated to cost between €4bn
and €9bn per year to the EU
community

Confidential
Major Meteorological Satellite Service Frequency Bands
4. Juni 2014
10
100 MHz 3 GHz
138MHz
403MHz
400.15MHz
401MHz
1670MHz
KEY
Earth to space
Space to Earth
137MHz
3 GHz 10 GHz7750MHz
7850MHz
7450MHz
7550MHz
1710MHz
8175MHz
8215MHz
Meteorology Data collection platforms
e.g. Meteosat (EUMETSAT)
Direct to user data dissemination
e.g. Meteosat (EUMETSAT)
Meteorological radar sensing

Confidential
Major Earth Exploration Satellite
Service - Active Frequency Bands (EESS)
4. Juni 2014
11
17.2GHz
10 GHz 100 GHz
13.25GHz
13.75GHz
17.3GHz
35.5GHz
36GHz
1GHz 10 GHz
1300MHz
5250MHz
5570MHz
9300MHz
1215MHz
9800MHz
Agenda Item 1.12 (WRC-15)
Extension by 600 MHz
Proposed by CPM-Report
„C-Band“
Radarsat-2 (Canada)
Sentinel-1 (EU)
„X-Band“
TerraSAR-X /
TanDEM-X (Germany)
COSMO-Skymed (Italy)
Kompsat-5 (Korea)
„L-Band“
ALOS-2 (Japan)
SAOCOM (Argentina)
In addition, Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) for both radar and
optical constellations in:
-C-Band
-X-Band
-Ka-Band
„LBand“
SMOS
(ESA)
3100MHz
3300MHz
NovaSAR (UK)

Confidential
Future Trends in the Satellite Industry
• During the last decade: 164 Earth observation satellites
launched by civil government and commercial entities
– Among them around 80% are optical e.g. SPOT, PLEIADE,
DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation)
• In the next decade the number is expected to expand to 360
satellites
• Use of the Bandwidth: active sensors (e.g. altimeter, SAR) and
TC/TM (for passive and active sensors)
4. Juni 2014
12
Radar imagery is independent from weather conditions (e.g.
clouds) or solar illumination on the ground and critical for
many applications (e.g. crisis response, safety applications)
Active sensors like SAR represent around 20% of the
satellites launched and to be launched in the next 10 years
Transmission bandwidth and radar range resolution are
mutually dependent

Confidential
Future Spectrum needs for Science Services
• Near term – 5 years: current and future needs
• Use of X band EESS with an extended worlwide allocation up to 600 MHz by WRC 15 ( AI 1.12 ) for
higher resolution images in nearly all weather conditions
• Use of the 7-8 GHz band if allocated to EESS Earth to Space by WRC 15 (A.I. 1.11) for high rate payload
control and data links given S band congestion
• Use of the 25.5 – 27 GHz for EESS Space to Earth payload data dowlink. ESA/ EO systems and
EUMETSAT (MTG) are already moving from X EESS to Ka EESS band.
• Longer term – 10 to 20 years: 4 D, highest resolution SAR in all weather propagation
conditions
• 13.25 – 13.75 GHz
• 17.2 – 17.3 GHz
• 35.5 – 36 GHz
• 37.5 – 40 GHz
• 94 – 94.1 GHz
• 130 – 134 GHz
4. Juni 2014
Earth Observation Justification / Benefit
13
• Optimal for interferometric
applications
• Precise elevation modelling
• Improved estimation of snow-
water-equivalent (SWE)

Confidential
Topographic / Cadastral Mapping / Infrastructure Integrity
SAR 1200 MHz: From 1m down to 0.25m Resolution
4. Juni 2014
14
Improved
resolution
Improved
NESZ

Confidential
Conclusion
• EESS Services crucial for public safety and security – generating societal benefit by providing substantial
information to policy maker on global issues (climate change –adaptation and mitigation-,desertification,
humanitarian aid and border control)
• Moreover the economic benefits are measurable in terms of “cost savings” efficiencies
• A fast growing services market enables new business opportunities for SMEs and Governmental use
• High precision instruments combined with high-precision geodetic references provide innovative long-term
4d information
• The UK exploit a large number of satellite missions (among them active radar sensors) for public needs
• The UK industry is at the forefront of the EO value chain (manufacturing, operating and using satellites)
• Public policies and needs are the fundamentals for the use of current and potentially new frequency
spectrum for EO and Space Science
4. Juni 2014
15
The use of frequency spectrum for Space Services should not be put at risk as the
information gathered and its dissemination to policy makers, governments and public
stakeholders is essential to preserve the world natural resources and our economies
sustainability

Confidential
Back-Up / Material
4. Juni 2014
16
eMap International

Confidential
Global Cloud Cover: A Reason for Imaging Radars (EESS)
4. Juni 2014
17

Example of interference and its impact
• SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), also known as ESA's water mission, carries a passive
radiometer that operates at 1400–1427 MHz in the L-band to capture snapshots of 'brightness
temperature'.
• These snapshots correspond to microwave radiation being emitted from Earth's surface and relate to the
amount of moisture in soil and salinity in the ocean.
• This information is needed to improve our understanding of Earth's water cycle.
• The results from ESA's SMOS satellite have been impressive, but the mission has been bugged by
patches of interference from radar, TV and radio transmissions in what should be a protected band .
Spain almost free of radio
interference
Contaminated SMOS data
At times, this interference
was effectively blinding the
instrument, rendering the data
over certain areas unusable.

Introduction to Europe’s flagship EO programme.
19
 A source of information for policymakers, scientists, business
and the public at large
 A European response to global needs to manage the
environment, to understand and to mitigate the effects of
climate change and to ensure civil security
 A user-driven programme of services for environment and
security
 An integrated Earth Observation system (combining space-
based and in-situ data with Earth System Models and
services)
Overview
 SENTINELS – EO missions developed specifically for
Copernicus
 Contributing missions – EO missions built for
purposes other than Copernicus but offering part of
their capacity to Copernicus (EU/ESA MSs,
EUMETSAT, Commercial, International)
 Managed for Europe by the European Space Agency
(ESA)
Space Infrastructure
Copernicus Services
Services Monitoring Earth Systems Horizontal Services
Output: Value-Added Services
Land Marine Atmosphere Emergency Security Climate Change

Confidential
Security
Exploration
Emergency
Topographic
Mapping
Environmental
Monitoring
Change Monitoring
Object
Identification
Maritime
Monitoring
DEMs
Applications examples
4. Juni 2014 20

Summary of EO missions – current, future and threats
Name Launch date
Spectral Attributes
(band)
Design lifetime (in
years if not
specified)
Operator name
SkyMed/COSMO 1 08-Jun-07 X 5 Italian Ministry of Defense
TerraSAR-X 15-Jun-07 X 5 InfoTerra GmbH
SkyMed/COSMO 2 09-Dec-07 X 5 Italian Ministry of Defense
Radarsat-2 14-Dec-07 C 7 CSA (Canadian Space Agency)
SkyMed/COSMO 3 25-Oct-08 X 5 Italian Ministry of Defense
Risat 2 20-Apr-09 C - ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
SMOS 40119 L 3 ESA (European Space Agency)
Tandem-X (TDX) 21-Jun-10 X 5 InfoTerra GmbH
SkyMed/COSMO 4 06-Nov-10 X 5 Italian Ministry of Defense
SAC-D / Aquarius 40704 L 5 NASA / CONAE
Key bands for Earth Observation missions are:
 L band, S band, C band and X band.
Potential missions of key importance to the UK
under threat are in order of priority:
Extremely high importance
High importance
Important
KEY

Summary of EO missions – current, future and threats
Name Launch date
Spectral Attributes
(band)
Design lifetime
(in years if not
specified)
Operator name
Risat 1 26-avr.-12 C 5 ISRO
HJ-1C / Huan Jing-1C 2012 S 3 China Aerospace Corp
Kompsat-5 2012 X 5 KARI
ALOS-2 2013 L 5 JAXA
SENTINEL-1A 2013 C 7 ESA
NovaSAR 2015 S 1 SSTL
SAOCOM-1A 2014 L 7 CONAE
TerraSAR-X 2 (TSX2) 2015 X - InfoTerra GmbH
Radarsat-3b 2016 C 7 CSA
Radarsat-3c 2016 C 7 CSA
Tandem-X 2 (TDX2) 2016 X - InfoTerra GmbH
SAOCOM-2B 2017 L 5 CONAE
SENTINEL-1B 2017 C 7 ESA
Vietnam Radar 1 2018 X VSAT
Risat 3 2019 L - ISRO
Risat 4 2020 L - ISRO
SENTINEL-1C 2020 C ESA
Vietnam Radar 2 2020 x VSAT

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