This document provides an overview of a report submitted by Taqdees Imtiaz, a chemical engineering student, on their internship at Moalajah FZC. The report details Moalajah's operations and maintenance of the Ajman sewer network in the United Arab Emirates. It discusses the various teams involved in maintaining the sewer system, key water quality parameters monitored, trade effluent management with a focus on fats, oils and grease, and recommendations for removal, recovery and reuse of fats, oils and grease from the sewer system.

1. A REPORT
ON
INSIGHT ON THE OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF
AJMAN SEWER NETWORK
BY
TAQDEES IMTIAZ 2014A1PS212U CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Prepared in Partial Fulfilment of the Practice School – I Course
AT
MOALAJAH FZC, AJMAN, UAE
A Practice School – I station of
BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE
(June 2016 – August 2016)

2. A REPORT
ON
INSIGHT ON THE OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF
AJMAN SEWER NETWORK
BY
TAQDEES IMTIAZ 2014A1PS212U CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Prepared in Partial Fulfilment of the Practice School – I Course
AT
MOALAJAH FZC, AJMAN, UAE
A Practice School – I station of
BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE
(June 2016 – August 2016)

3. BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Dubai International Academic City,
Dubai, UAE
Station: MOALAJAH FZC Centre: AJMAN
Duration: 09.06.2016 - 03.08.2016
Date of Start: 09.06.2016
Date of Submission: 28.07.2016
Title of the Project: INSIGHT ON THE OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF
AJMAN SEWER NETWORK
ID No. / Name of the student: 2014A1PS212U / TAQDEES IMTIAZ
Discipline of Student: B.E (Hons) Chemical Engineering
Name(s) and Designation(s) of the Expert(s):
1. Mr. Eric Tranchant, General Manager
2. Mrs. Aarthi Bhuvansunder, HR and Administration Manager
3. Mr. K. Karunakaran, Deputy Manager
4. Mr. Varghese Joshi, Safety Officer
5. Mr. Taj Mohammad, Maintenance Manager
6. Mr. Syed Touseef, Laboratory Supervisor
7. Mr. Wilfredo Garin, Maintenance Supervisor
8. Mr. Vipin Kumar, Engineering and Performance Manager
9. Mr. Jayanta Narayan Deb, Network Manager
Human Resource Department
1. Mrs. Aarthi Bhuvansunder
2. Mrs. Abeer Mahmoud
3. Mrs. Marvie Bitor
Name of the PS Faculty: Dr S Baskaran
Name of the PS Mentors:
1. Mr. K. Karunakaran, Deputy Manager
2. Mr. Ashraf, Operator
3. Mr. Syed Touseef, Laboratory Supervisor
4. Ms. Nancy Fernandez, Chemist
5. Mr. Shahid, Chemist
6. Mr. Wilfredo Garin, Maintenance Supervisor
7. Mr. Novy Fernandez, O&M Support Engineer
8. Mr. Vipin Kumar, Engineering and Performance Manager
9. Mr. Vinay Kumar, Designing and Planning Engineer
10.Mr. Jayanta Narayan Deb, Network Manager
11.Mr. Pranesh, Trade Effluent Supervisor
12.Mr. Ronanson Fabian, Inspection Supervisor
Key Words: Sewer Network; Ajman; Trade Effluent; Wastewater Treatment, FOG;
sewers; Maintenance; Fats; Oils; Grease.
Project Area(s): Ajman Sewer Network, Trade Effluent and FOG Management

4. Abstract
This report gives an overview of the work done and research during internship at
MOALAJAH FZC. This project aims understand the Ajman Sewer Network and trade
effluent management, particularly FOG Management.
Water is one of the world's most profitable assets and a very vital resource for the
existence of life. This resource is under steady danger because of environmental
change, population growth, various developments, and waste. A standout amongst
the most encouraging endeavors worldwide is the reuse of wastewater.
Water supply and sanitation has been an essential logistical test since the dawn of
human civilization. A sewer system was has thus designed in order to provide
sanitation and the sewage thus collected is treated to control water pollution before its
disposal or discharge.
Moalajah is a company which carries forward this work of providing a complete
Sewage Network in Ajman, and carrying out significant operations and maintenance
works. Along with various other departments, it also has an efficient Trade Effluent
Team.
As noted by the Trade Effluent Team, there are several sewer blockages every year
around 55% of which are caused by FOG. These problems not only affect the
performance of the sewer system and waste water treatment works but also reduces
asset life and increases the maintenance costs. This will have an economic impact on
the responsible water authorities and will ultimately be reflected in increased prices for
customers. In addition, FOG related blockages can result in sewer overflows either as
a result of reduced capacity or burst sewer pipes.
Residential and commercial properties both contribute essentially to FOG in the waste
water framework. A compelling FOG administration program requires a blend of
source control, operation and maintenance measures. While fats, oils and greases in
the waste water framework are a noteworthy issue, there is a chance to recover these
materials and make them usefully in processes that will enhance both nature and the
effectiveness of waste water treatment. Key to this is teaching and urging groups and
organizations to consider FOG as a significant ware instead of waste.
Signature of Student Signature of PS Faculty
Date: Date:

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Dr. R. N. Saha, Director
BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, who has given me an opportunity to understand and apply
my engineering concepts in a practical atmosphere. I perceive this opportunity as a
huge milestone in my career development.
I am grateful to Mr. Eric Tranchant, General Manager and Mrs. Aarthi Bhuvansunder,
HR and Administration Manager for taking me as a PS-1 intern in Moalajah, through
which I have been able to recognise the co-operate world requirements.
Also, I would like to show my appreciation to Mr. K. Karunakaran (Operations
Supervisor), Mr. Jayanta Deb (Network Manager), Mr. Vipin (Engineering and
performance Manager) and Mr. Ronanson Fabian (Inspection Supervisor) for guiding
me and providing the opportunity to work on the site investigations/surveys conducted
for the Company. They were encouraging and helpful in clarifying my doubts and
queries. They also gave me orientation of the company and were helpful in proving all
the necessary data required for the fulfilment of this report.
I would also like to acknowledge and thank the entire team of Moalajah for providing
information about their lines of work and supporting me throughout my stay here.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr S. Baskaran, Assistant Professor of
Mathematics and my PS-1 Faculty, for providing me with all the guidance required
throughout the PS Program and for successful completion of this report.
I would also like to thank Dr B. Muralidharan, Associate Dean of Practice School
Division, and the entire PS- Division for the well-structured Practice School Program
which gave me this opportunity to work and apply my knowledge in the technical field,
and also gain firsthand experience.
Last but not the least, I appreciate the guidance given by Dr. Nishant Pandya, Head of
Department of Chemical Engineering, for his continuous flow of suggestions and
advice that helped me frame my project report.
Taqdees Imtiaz
2014A1PS212U

6. CONTENTS
Abstract
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES IN APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION................................................. 1
1.1.1 OBJECTIVES...................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 VISION................................................................................................ 1
1.1.3 HISTORY ............................................................................................ 1
1.1.4 LOCATION.......................................................................................... 2
1.1.5 SERVICES OFFERED........................................................................ 2
1.1.6 CLIENTS & CONTRACTED WORKS ................................................. 2
1.1.6.1 Long Term O&M Contracts .............................................................. 2
1.1.6.2 Clients.............................................................................................. 3
1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT.................................................................. 4
1.2.1 OBJECTIVES...................................................................................... 4
1.2.2 SCOPE................................................................................................ 4
1.2.3 METHODOLOGY................................................................................ 4
1.3 REPORT PREVIEW .................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2. OPERATIONS OF AJMAN SEWER NETWORK SYSTEM ................ 5
2.1. Operations and Maintenance Program ........................................................ 5
2.1.1. Collection System Map........................................................................ 5
2.1.2. Flow of Sewage to WWTP .................................................................. 5
2.2. Teams and Roles......................................................................................... 5
2.2.1. Pumping Station (O & M) Team .......................................................... 5
2.2.1.1. Maintenance .................................................................................... 5
2.2.2. Preventive Cleaning Team .................................................................. 7
2.2.3. CCTV + Pole Camera Inspection Team .............................................. 7
2.2.4. Construction Team.............................................................................. 8
2.2.5. Blockage Team (Emergency).............................................................. 8
2.2.6. Trade Effluent Management Team...................................................... 8
2.3. Safety Measures.......................................................................................... 9

7. CHAPTER 3. PARAMETERS USED BY MOALAJAH............................................ 10
3.1. Temperature .............................................................................................. 10
3.2. Sulphates................................................................................................... 10
3.3. pH .............................................................................................................. 11
3.3.1. Indicator pH paper strips ................................................................... 11
3.3.2. pH meter ........................................................................................... 11
3.4. Electrical Conductivity................................................................................ 12
3.5. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ...................................................................... 12
3.6. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)................................................................... 13
3.7. COD........................................................................................................... 14
3.8. BOD ........................................................................................................... 14
3.9. Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG)..................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 4. TRADE EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT................................................ 16
4.1. What is trade effluent? ............................................................................... 16
4.2. Why Control trade effluent? ....................................................................... 16
4.3. Trade Effluent Quality ................................................................................ 16
4.4. Reducing and Treating Trade Effluent ....................................................... 19
4.4.1. Awareness campaigns ...................................................................... 19
4.4.2. Quality monitoring tools at pump stations.......................................... 19
4.4.3. Surveys to identify non-compliant properties..................................... 19
4.4.4. Installation of Sewers outside the service area ................................. 19
4.4.5. Enforcement of pre-treatments, thus managing FOG........................ 20
CHAPTER 5. FOG MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 21
5.1. Problem: Fats, Oils and Greases............................................................... 21
5.2. Sources of FOG......................................................................................... 22
5.2.1. Domestic ........................................................................................... 22
5.2.2. Commercial Sources......................................................................... 22
5.2.3. Industrial Sources.............................................................................. 23
5.3. How is FOG analysed? .............................................................................. 23
5.3.1. Chemicals Required.......................................................................... 23
5.3.2. Materials Required ............................................................................ 23
5.3.3. Procedure.......................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 6. RECOMMENDATIONS: REMOVAL, RECOVERY AND REUSE .... 24
6.1. Removal and Recovery of FOG................................................................. 24
6.1.1. Removing at Source.......................................................................... 24
6.1.1.1. The utilization of grease interceptors and traps ............................. 24
6.1.1.2. Other Options................................................................................. 25

8. 6.1.2. Elimination from Sewer System......................................................... 25
6.1.3. Removal at WWTP............................................................................ 25
6.2. Reusing the Recovered FOG..................................................................... 26
6.2.1. Land application ................................................................................ 26
6.2.2. Composting or Using as Fertilizer ..................................................... 26
6.2.3. Biodiesel............................................................................................ 26
6.2.4. Anaerobic digestion and biogas production....................................... 26
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION................................................................................... 27
APPENDIX................................................................................................. 28
APPENDIX A. PUMPING STATIONS.................................................. 28
APPENDIX B. SURVEY FORMS......................................................... 29
APPENDIX C. SURVEY SAMPLE ....................................................... 32
APPENDIX D. GLOSSARY.................................................................. 33
References.............................................................................................................. 35

9. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Moalajah Logo............................................................................................. 1
Figure 2: Moalajah WWTP Location........................................................................... 2
Figure 3: Ajman Sewerage Logo................................................................................ 3
Figure 4: Government of Ras Al Khaimah Logo......................................................... 3
Figure 5: Dubai Sports City Logo ............................................................................... 3
Figure 6: Moalajah's Esteemed Clients (with logos)................................................... 3
Figure 7: Manhole ...................................................................................................... 5
Figure 8: 22 pump stations cleaned at least 2 to 3 times/year. .................................. 6
Figure 9. OCU in the Pumping Station ....................................................................... 6
Figure 10: Periodical Inspection ................................................................................. 6
Figure 11. Cleaning Team with a Combination Tanker .............................................. 7
Figure 12: Jetting Nozzles.......................................................................................... 7
Figure 13. Pole Camera and CCTV Inspection .......................................................... 8
Figure 14: CCTV Control............................................................................................ 8
Figure 15: Well-trained Teams to follow Health and Safety norms at work place....... 9
Figure 16. pH Paper Strips....................................................................................... 11
Figure 17: pH Meter ................................................................................................. 11
Figure 18: Conductivity / TDS / Salinity Meter.......................................................... 12
Figure 19: TSS Analysis by Vacuum Filtration ......................................................... 13
Figure 20: Whatman Filter Paper with Samples in Desiccator ................................. 13
Figure 21: Samples Crate for COD Analysis ............................................................ 14
Figure 22: BOD Analysis.......................................................................................... 14
Figure 23: Sewer Blockage by Oil/Grease ............................................................... 21
Figure 24: Sewage Overflow.................................................................................... 22
Figure 25: Oil/Grease from Kitchen/Hotels............................................................... 22
Figure 26: Infracal FOG Analyser............................................................................. 23
Figure 27: Grease Trap............................................................................................ 24
Figure 28: Landfill in Ajman...................................................................................... 26
LIST OF FIGURES IN APPENDIX
Figure_Apx A-1: Schematic representation of the flow of sewage through rising mains
in the system............................................................................................................ 28
Figure_Apx B-1: Onsite Analysis Form .................................................................... 29
Figure_Apx B-2: Industrial Property Survey Form.................................................... 30
Figure_Apx B-3: Commercial Property Survey Form ............................................... 31
Figure_Apx C-1: OSA Survey Sample ..................................................................... 32
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Examples of Trade Effluents ...................................................................... 16
Table 2. Different analytical water quality parameters with guideline values as per
Moalajah................................................................................................................... 17
Table 3. Concentration of noxious substances not allowed...................................... 18

10. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FZC
LLC
WWTP
ASPCL
AM
O&M
CCTV
FOG
GIS
LIC
OCU
i.e.
COD
BOD
QHSE
mg/L
mS/cm
°C
ppm
H2S
SO4
-
HCl
AD
Free Zone Company
Limited Liability Company
Waste Water Treatment Plant
Ajman Sewerage Private Company Ltd
Ajman Municipality
Operations and Maintenance
Closed-Circuit Television
Fats, Oil, Grease
Geographical Information System
Local Inspection Chamber
Odour Control Units
That Is
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Biological Oxygen Demand
Quality, Health, Safety, Environment.
Milligrams per Litre
Millisiemens per centimetre
Degree Celsius
Parts Per Million
Hydrogen Sulphide
Sulphate
Hydrogen Chloride
Anaerobic Digestion

11. 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION
Moalajah FZC LLC is a joint venture between French Wastewater Management
company, Veolia Water (66.67% shares) and a Belgian Construction Company, Besix
(33.33% shares). Veolia Water is the world leader in water services. It operates in
three markets: municipal, industrial and residential services. [1] Moalajah has its main
focus on the operation and maintenance of waste-water services, and minimizing
environmental impacts while protecting the water resources. Hence, recycled water
can be used to replenish sensitive ecosystems or commercial and social uses such as
irrigation, golf course maintenance, construction and maintaining the wetlands.
Figure 1. Moalajah Logo
1.1.1 OBJECTIVES
The major targets of Moalajah is to achieve high quality standards and maintain
sufficient safety standards while wastewater treatment. The company also aims
to provide a cost efficient treatment.
1.1.2 VISION
Moalajah delivers reliable waste water services and solutions in the UAE. In
pursuing the above objectives, the company:
 Serves the community and safeguard its health
 It supports a clean and green environment
This is done by Collecting and treating the wastewater and delivering the treated
water to the clients.
1.1.3 HISTORY
Moalajah FZC LLC operational since 2006, is a leading waste-water service
provider in the UAE. With staff strength of over 225 people in the organization,
they are not only adequately equipped to handle waste-water treatment
requirement in the emirate of Ajman in UAE but also have a steadily growing
business.
Moalajah FZC, a sewerage Contractor Company, is the operator of the Ajman
Sewerage Private Company Ltd (ASPCL) and Ajman Municipality (AM)

12. 2
1.1.4 LOCATION
1.1.5 SERVICES OFFERED
Moalajah FZC LLC, the operator of the Ajman Sewerage System (Ajman, UAE)
is a waste-water service provider for:
 Wastewater treatment
 Collection system operation and maintenance
 Reusing the treated water
 Plugging of sewer lines and flow bypass arrangements
 Sewer line laying and maintenance
 Cleaning of deep pump stations
 Vacuum cleaning of large tanks
 Sewer line and storm water lines cleaning
 Pole camera inspection
 CCTV inspection
1.1.6 CLIENTS & CONTRACTED WORKS
1.1.6.1 Long Term O&M Contracts
1. Ajman
 300 km of sewerage system of the city
 a maximum capacity of 90,000 cubic metres per day
 Customer services
 27 years contract
 According to Gulf News, Moalajah is the first wastewater
management contract to be awarded to a private operator by
any authorities in the UAE. [2]
Figure 2: Moalajah WWTP Location

13. 3
Figure 3: Ajman Sewerage Logo
2. Ras Al Khaimah
 Entire sewerage system of the city
 Vacuum networks and STP’s in Al Marjan, Al-Hamra and
RAKIA since 2012
Figure 4: Government of Ras Al Khaimah Logo
3. Dubai Sports City
STP, 10 years contract
1.1.6.2 Clients
Figure 6: Moalajah's Esteemed Clients (with logos)
Figure 5: Dubai Sports City Logo

14. 4
1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
This report provides details about the operations and maintenance taking place in
MOALAJAH in the Ajman Sewer Network. It also gives details about enforcement of
quality standard of trade effluent.
1.2.1 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this report are:
 To understand the functioning and the structure of the Sewer Network
O&M team in Moalajah.
 To understand the parameters used by Moalajah to monitor and control
effluent quality
 To understand the need of trade effluent management in Wastewater
treatment and sewerage management.
 To consider FOG as a major issue in sewer lines
 To recommend recovery and the reuse of FOG.
1.2.2 SCOPE
The report covers the complete study of the Ajman Sewer Network maintained
by Moalajah. Followed by a detailed description about the various works done to
maintain environmental impacts by Trade Effluent Management.
1.2.3 METHODOLOGY
The report was completed mainly by utilizing the information mentioned and data
given by the Moalajah staff. Based on their primary data this report has come
into existence.
1.3 REPORT PREVIEW
Besides Introduction, which covers the objectives, scope and the basic purpose of
making it, the report contains six Chapters.
Chapter 2 enumerates the Operations of the Ajman Sewer Network System, along
with the teams and their respective roles. Chapter 3 analyses the parameters used by
Moalajah for accepting the effluent. Chapter 4 describes in detail the need of Trade
Effluent Management in Moalajah. Chapter 5 explains how FOG is a problem in the
Sewer and Wastewater treatment works and its analysis. Chapter 6 gives
recommendations for the removal, recovery and reuse of FOG. Finally, Chapter 7
numerates the Conclusions drawn out of the project report. This is followed by the
Appendices and References.

15. 5
CHAPTER 2. OPERATIONS OF AJMAN SEWER NETWORK SYSTEM
This Chapter of the report presents the wastewater collection system operations and
maintenance (O&M) program.
2.1. Operations and Maintenance Program
Moalajah’s Networking Department is responsible for the operations of the City’s
sewer collections system. Moalajah has 22 pumping stations (10 kW to 500kW), 250
km of gravity sewer network and 40km of pressure main all over Ajman. Moalajah has
created and maintains maps of the entire sewer system and does routine cleaning for
the gravity sewer lines in Ajman. It also identifies the areas of the sewer system that
may require cleaning, repairs or replacement and takes necessary actions. Moalajah
also provides routine training for their staff.
2.1.1. Collection System Map
Moalajah utilizes a Geographic Information System (GIS) based mapping
system to maintain and manage sewer system maps. The GIS mapping system
depicts the physical location of all sewer lines, manholes, LICs and pumping
stations [3]. It is used to assist interactive visual information of all the properties
and assets located in the Emirate of Ajman to make better decisions.
Figure 7: Manhole
2.1.2. Flow of Sewage to WWTP
Appendix A gives the entire schematic representation of the flow of sewage
through rising mains in the system.
2.2. Teams and Roles
The following are the various teams involved in the O&M of the Sewer Networks
2.2.1. Pumping Station (O & M) Team
2.2.1.1. Maintenance
This team of Moalajah has maintained 22 pumping stations in Ajman.
The complete cleaning of these pumping stations is done at least 2 - 3
times every year.

16. 6
Figure 8: 22 pump stations cleaned at least 2 to 3 times/year.
The maintenance team is responsible for the O&M of OCU as well. The
odour problems have been eliminated with the installation of Odour
Control Units in the Pumping Stations. Bio Air’s Eco Filter® bio trickling
filter technology using structured synthetic media, with activated carbon
as absorber is incorporated into a single reactor vessel, to improve the
H2S odour issues.
Figure 10: Periodical Inspection
280 km of sewer lines (150mm to 600 mm diameter) are cleaned and inspected
during operation and maintenance. Average of 25 km inspection takes place
every year for newly constructed lines constructed by Moalajah construction
team
Figure 9. OCU in the Pumping Station

17. 7
2.2.2. Preventive Cleaning Team
This team work by assessing the work-effectiveness, i.e. checks the cleaning
history of the past 3 years to get information of the regular blockages. By
inspecting these it analyses the cleaning of the sewer system, the manholes
and the LICs. Cleaning of pipes is done using high pressure jetting and special
nozzles. Moalajah also monitors traffic diversion and management when on
site.
Figure 11. Cleaning Team with a Combination Tanker
Figure 12: Jetting Nozzles
2.2.3. CCTV + Pole Camera Inspection Team
This team triggers the work of the Preventive Cleaning Team. It is involved in
the testing and inspection of the new sewer to ensure quality installation. Photos
and videos are taken into the manhole, and from the pipeline up and out of the
manhole. Structural defects and the extent of damages are noted during CCTV
Inspection, while Pole Camera is used during cleaning works.

18. 8
Figure 13. Pole Camera and CCTV Inspection
Figure 14: CCTV Control
2.2.4. Construction Team
The Team administers the construction work of Sewerage & Drainage network,
Interior connection of individual house owners to a wastewater treatment plant
with a maximum capacity of 90,000 cubic meters per day. This team handles
installation and maintenance of the 230-km collection system and service lines
to all properties around the Emirates.
2.2.5. Blockage Team (Emergency)
This team is responsible for the cleaning of pipes using high pressure jetting
and special nozzles. It uses Combination Tankers for this purpose. The removal
and disposal of debris on a certain emergency is also a responsibility of this
team. There is an emergency helpline team, on duty 24 X 7.
2.2.6. Trade Effluent Management Team
Enforcement of quality standards for the trade effluent discharged into the
sewer system is the responsibility of this team. It also does all type of surveys
associated with Capital Investment and flow predictions. To be discussed in
detail in Chapter 4.

19. 9
2.3. Safety Measures
Proper implementation, monitoring and maintenance of the QHSE System takes place
before every operation taking place in Moalajah so as to reduce any risk to the
surrounding environment. It also creates a safe environment for its employees.
Figure 15: Well-trained Teams to follow Health and Safety norms at work place.

20. 10
CHAPTER 3. PARAMETERS USED BY MOALAJAH
Following different physio-chemical parameters are tested regularly in MOALAJAH for
monitoring quality of water.
3.1. Temperature
In an established system the water temperature controls the rate of all chemical
reactions, and affects aquatic growth, reproduction and immunity. Drastic temperature
changes can be fatal to the ecosystem.
3.2. Sulphates
Sulphates are broadly dispersed in nature and extreme measures of broke down
sulphates in drinking water lead to issues with hardness. Taste edge focuses for the
most predominant sulphate salts are: 200 to 500 ppm for sodium sulphate; 250 to 900
ppm for calcium sulphate; and 400 to 600 ppm for magnesium sulphate. In drinking
water, disintegrated sulphates are constrained to 400 ppm. Sulphates are measured
by Cuvette tests.
In the present day universe of wastewater treatment, control of odour has moved from
a bit of hindsight to an essential part in most gathering and treatment systems. In the
anaerobic state, the microorganisms present in the wastewater have no disintegrated
oxygen accessible for breath [4]. This permits organisms known as "sulphate-reducing
microscopic organisms" to flourish. These microscopic organisms use the sulphate
particle (SO4
-) that is normally copious in many waters as an oxygen hotspot for breath.
The by-product of this action is hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which has a low solvency in
the wastewater and a strong, offensive, rotten-egg odour. Notwithstanding its smell,
H2S can bring about extreme corrosion issues also. There are typically other "organic"
odorous compounds, such as amines, yet H2S is the most prevalent compound.
Odour problems in wastewater mainly occurs due to the presence of H2S gas.
Because of its low dissolvability in the wastewater, odour is discharged in all places
where untreated wastewater comes into contact with air such as:
• pumping and lifting stations,
• wet wells,
• headworks,
• grit chambers,
• inlet constructions,
• aerated balance tanks,
• pre-treatment,
• essential clarifiers
Odour problems be treated by:
• washing off gasses in different steps: acid scrubber, alkaline scrubber, scrubber
with oxidizing substances
• Activated carbon
• Bio filter

21. 11
3.3. pH
pH is the amount of acid or base in the water and it scales between 0 and 14. pH is a
very important parameter in wastewater treatment
pH can influence a lot of chemical reactions (process)
• Precipitation
• Solubilisation
• Conversions
pH can also have an impact on materials causing corrosion. In Moalajah, the Effluent
standard is typically: 6 < pH < 9. pH can be analysed by:
3.3.1. Indicator pH paper strips
It is a Semi-quantitative procedure, based on colorimetric method and gives
Quick result.
Figure 16. pH Paper Strips
3.3.2. pH meter
It measures electric potential in an electrode which is pH dependent. It gives a
precise pH result and a very reliable measurement.
Figure 17: pH Meter

22. 12
3.4. Electrical Conductivity
Conductivity shows significant correlation with ten parameters such as temperature,
pH value, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, total solids, total dissolved solids,
chemical oxygen demand, chloride and iron concentration of water.
It is measured with the help of EC meter which measures the resistance offered by the
water between two platinized electrodes [4]. The instrument is standardized with
known values of conductance observed with standard KCl solution.
It can also be measured using a Conductivity / TDS / Salinity Meters.
Figure 18: Conductivity / TDS / Salinity Meter
3.5. Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Sometimes called filterable residue, TDS is the presence of all dissolved salts present
in wastewater It is measured as the mass of residue remaining when a measured
volume of filtered water is evaporated.

23. 13
3.6. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
TSS is the parameter used to indicate all the solids in wastewater that will not pass
through a filter. It is the dry-weight of such particles., used to assess the quality of
wastewater after its treatment in the WWTP.
Figure 19: TSS Analysis by Vacuum Filtration
Figure 20: Whatman Filter Paper with Samples in Desiccator
The samples obtained after desiccating are weighed and TSS is thus calculates using
the given formula:
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (
𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦, 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
)
∗ 106

24. 14
3.7. COD
COD is a measure of organic material contamination in water specified in mg/L. COD
is the amount of dissolved oxygen required to cause chemical oxidation of the organic
matter in water.
Figure 21: Samples Crate for COD Analysis
3.8. BOD
BOD is another measure of organic matter contamination in water, specified in mg/L.
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required for the biochemical decomposition of
organic compounds and the oxidation of certain inorganic materials (e.g., iron,
sulphites). Typically, the test for BOD is conducted over a five-day period.
Figure 22: BOD Analysis
Note: Both Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
are key indicators of the environmental health of a surface water supply. [5] They are
the measurement of the organic pollution. These substances should be reduced to a
minimum in the wastewater treatment plant. Industries normally focus more on COD
and municipalities more on BOD removal.

25. 15
3.9. Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG)
Separation of oil, grease, hydrocarbons is done by free mechanical emulsions and not
chemical emulsions.
The problems occurring if oil is not properly removed are:
• Impact on oxygen transfer
• Impact on effluent COD (biodegradability)
• Impact on sludge quality
• Clogging (e.g. bacteria bed)
There are various Techniques for its reduction and removal, and will be mentioned in
the Chapter 5.

26. 16
CHAPTER 4. TRADE EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT
4.1. What is trade effluent?
Trade effluent is any non-domestic liquid waste (effluent), that is discharged from
commercial, business, trade or industrial premises. [6] It does not include any sanitary
wastewater.
Trade Effluent Not Trade Effluent
Commercial car wash Kitchens and toilets at commercial premises
Laundrettes Restaurants, pubs and hotels
Swimming pools (commercial) Hairdressers
Chemical manufacturers Dentists
Metal finishers Care homes
Printing and Engineering Swimming pools (domestic)
Restaurant and Cafeterias
Food Manufacturers
Painters and Paint Manufacturers
Table 1. Examples of Trade Effluents
4.2. Why Control trade effluent?
All the effluent discharges to the Sewer System managed by Moalajah is controlled in
order to:
• Protect the environment and the ecosystem.
• Prevent unacceptable effects on water resources and the environment
• Protect the safety and health of the citizens and its staff
• Ensure proper management of water resources. [7]
• Prevent damage to the sewers, pumping stations and wastewater treatment
processes taking place within Moalajah.
• Ensuring the company complies with its own statutory and regulatory
obligations
4.3. Trade Effluent Quality
4.3.1. It’s not allowed to discharge non-domestic wastewater into the public
Sewerage Network if:
 Such wastewater would raise the degree of the biological or chemical
loads of water above the operational capacity of the treatment plant
 Such water contains toxic and hazardous substance that may result
in the destruction of bacterial activities inside the treatment plant.

27. 17
PARAMETERS ALLOWABLE LIMITS
BOD 350 mg/L
TSS 400 mg/L
COD 820 mg/L
Temperature 40°C
Phenols < or = 0.05 mg/L
Conductivity 5 mS/cm
TDS 3000 mg/L
Sulphate (SO4) 300 mg/L
pH 6 - 9
Table 2. Different analytical water quality parameters with guideline values as per
Moalajah
4.3.2. Non-domestic wastewater containing substances that may, by their
nature or their concentration, hamper the correct operation of the
treatment plant shall be neutralized or pre-treated before their discharge
in to public sewerage network.
Such substances include, without limitation, the following:
 Free acids
 Substances with a strongly alkaline reaction in significant quantities
 Salt at high concentration and, in particular, chromate and dichromate
derivatives
 Poisons and, in particular, cyanogen’s derivatives
 Hydrocarbons and starches
 Industrial oils and greases
 Noxious gases or matter which, in contact with air in the sewer system,
becomes explosive
 Radioactive compounds
 Coloured water
4.3.3. Under all circumstances the concentration of noxious substances in the
non-domestic wastewater shall, not, at the time of their discharge into
public sewerage network, exceed the value of the following chemicals:

28. 18
PARAMETER VALUE (in mg/L)
Cyanide CN 0.1
Hexavalent Chromium and compounds 0.1
Lead Pb 0.5
Boron B 2
Barium Ba 1
Cobalt Co 1
Lithium Li 1
Molybdenum Mo 0.5
Vanadium V 1
Copper Cu 0.5
Chromium Cr 0.5
Nickel Ni 0.5
Zinc Zn 2
Manganese Mn 1
Iron, Aluminum and compounds 5
Organic halogen compounds 1
Total hydrocarbons 10
Fluorine F 5
Cadmium Cd 0.2
Mercury Hg 0.05
Silver Ag 0.1
Arsenic As 0.5
Selenium Se 0.5
Phosphorus P 50
Table 3. Concentration of noxious substances not allowed

29. 19
4.4. Reducing and Treating Trade Effluent
Trade effluent can be reduced by the following:
4.4.1. Awareness campaigns
Enactment, regulation and enforcement by the ASPL on commercials can just
set up systems for restricting FOG release into sewers by accusing with fines,
yet the viability of these measures will depend on both residential and business
clients.
A change in attitude is thus needed amongst the users, staff working in
commercial kitchens or individuals living in their own homes. So it incorporates
training, mindfulness, education and awareness. To implement these, various
campaigns with slogans such as “Join us in Fighting Oil/Grease in Sewers!”
have been undertaken.
4.4.2. Quality monitoring tools at pump stations
Various tools to monitor the wastewater quality are available at the pump
stations. These tend to evaluate various parameters such as the flow, pH,
temperature, etc. through an automated server.
4.4.3. Surveys to identify non-compliant properties
Surveys are undertaken regularly in both Industrial and Commercial properties
to identify whether any properties are non-compliant. Such properties are
marked as Key Polluters.
The Trade Effluent Team Surveyors conduct a joint visit with Ajman Municipality
to these properties. The survey includes gathering information regarding the
type of activities taking place in the property, their water sources, consumption
rates and wastewater disposal facilities. Pre-treatment measures are also
recorded. The surveyor also conducts a complete site visit and, if necessary,
conducts an on-site Effluent Analysis. If the parameters are found to violate the
limits, the Effluent is sent for further analysis. Based on the results of further
analysis, the company identifies the property as a Key Polluter.
Appendix B gives the format of the survey forms used during the Survey of Non-
Compliant Properties as well as during Flow Prediction Survey.
4.4.4. Installation of Sewers outside the service area
Surveys termed as OSA Surveys are also conducted before installation of
sewer lines in a newly developed area. These are also termed as flow prediction
Surveys since it helps to evaluate the amount of wastewater flow expected in
the survey. This helps in getting information about pumps, pipes and other
assets required during the compete installation.
This Survey comprises of visits to various places outside the service area and
getting information based on the infrastructure type, may it be a villa or a
residential building, commercial or industrial, Multi storeyed or ground based,
constructed completely or partially.
Appendix C consists of a sample of the data of the OSA Survey.

30. 20
4.4.5. Enforcement of pre-treatments, thus managing FOG
Trade effluent pre-treatment should be monitored on a regular basis, keeping
in mind that the end goal is to guarantee an effluent that meets consent
conditions.
Whenever a trade effluent does not comply with the necessities of release into
sewers, there is a need of introducing a utilised water treatment facility in your
premises to pre-treat the non-compliant trade effluent so that the water quality
parameters are within the acceptable limits, in this way it is easy to expel the
denied substances from your trade effluent before releasing it into the sewers.
You should maintain your pre-treatment devices properly so that it can operate
effectively. There are various pre-treatment gadgets available. A few of them
are grease interceptors and pH neutralizing systems. An effective and a little
compelling maintenance schedule is vital in order to guarantee that the device
is working properly and treating your trade effluent satisfactorily.

31. 21
CHAPTER 5. FOG MANAGEMENT
5.1. Problem: Fats, Oils and Greases
FOG that enters the wastewater framework results in various issues:
 They obstruct the framework by confining limit, blocking and harming sewer
pipes and channels. This increments both the duration and cost necessary for
its sanitation and maintenance.
 If not completely evacuated and treated, the FOG can exhaust oxygen in the
receiving waters.
 Additional limit and vitality is required at wastewater treatment attempts to
handle the abundance of FOG entering the framework.
Besides the issues of clogging, FOG causes higher consumption and corrosion in
pipework, build up requirement for sanitation and upkeep, altogether expanding the
volume of sludge that eventually goes to the WWTP. FOG is not just an issue in the
framework, they coagulate and get stored on the exterior of UASB, Clarifiers,
channels, pumps, various sensors and some other parts inside the WWTP.
Additionally, a major concern is that oil may in part clog screens and filter frameworks,
hamper pumps and, in huge quantities, restrains action of sludge-digesting bacteria.
This prompts a diminishment in the nature of yield obtained after the treatment. This
altogether decreases the efficiency and possibly results the WWTP to close down.
Figure 23: Sewer Blockage by Oil/Grease
In addition to influencing the efficiency of the sewer framework and waste water
treatment works, the issues brought on by FOG in the framework are also found to
decrease resource span and builds up the upkeep costs. This economically affects the
capable water authority, and is thus reflected in expanded costs for clients.
Additionally, FOG related clogging brings about sewer overflows or floods, as an after
effect of decreased limit or burst sewer channels.
Surge from sewers rich in fats can prompt huge area defilement and may bring about
the need to expel and supplant areas of soil. The natural effect of FOG likewise should
have mulled over amid any operation and final disposal.

32. 22
Figure 24: Sewage Overflow
5.2. Sources of FOG
FOG that enters the sewer framework originates from various sources that may be
comprehensively assembled to 3 classes: domestic, industrial and commercial.
5.2.1. Domestic
Most serious issues coming about because of FOG inside sewers are situated
in regions where commercial premises command. Household sources are still
critical after all, especially at specific times of the year, with different events
where food shapes a noteworthy piece of celebration festivities. It is noted that
35% of sewer blockages are brought about by individuals discarding the fat
generated from cooking into the sink. Critical issues with domestic sources of
fats, oils and grease were additionally recorded to enter wastewater framework
yearly: 40% of all FOG that enters the sewer.
5.2.2. Commercial Sources
By all accounts, commercial properties seem to be real contributor to FOG in
the sewer. For instance, FOG is thus considered as a major issue in regions
where there are a numerous Food Service Establishments, for example,
commercial kitchens, bars, restaurants, cafeterias and hotels. Other various
sorts of organizations that contribute to FOG are Carwash and garages,
laundries, photograph processing and Education Complexes.
Figure 25: Oil/Grease from Kitchen/Hotels

33. 23
5.2.3. Industrial Sources
Industrial sources incorporate abattoirs, rendering plants, printing presses and
food processors and producers. In spite of the fact that the substance of any
effluent created is largely controlled through authorizing licence and enactment.
Numerous industrial sources as of now have set ups to gather the main part of
the material delivered. In any case they are still a potential sources of FOG that
may enter the sewer framework.
5.3. How is FOG analysed?
5.3.1. Chemicals Required
50% HCl, Solvent (Per Chloro Ethylene), Sodium Sulphate, Silica gel
5.3.2. Materials Required
Graduated Measuring Jar, Sampling Bottle, Septa Caps, 25ml Syringe, pH
Strips, Whatman Filter Paper, Funnel, Infracal FOG analyser, Cuvette
5.3.3. Procedure
 Collect 140 ml of sample in the sample bottle
 Add 2-3 Drops of 50% HCl to the sample
 Check whether pH is less than 2. If not add 2-3 drops of HCl more.
 Add 14ml of solvent (per Chloro ethylene).
 Shake for 2 minutes. Solvent is heavier and will be at the bottom.
 Replace the bottle cap with septa cap.
 Upturn the bottle and using syringe remove solvent.
 Place a filter funnel and add approximately 1 table spoon of Sodium Sulphate
 Drain the solvent layer through Sodium Sulphate into clean measuring
cylinder.
 Fill the cuvette with this extract.
Figure 26: Infracal FOG Analyser

34. 24
CHAPTER 6. RECOMMENDATIONS:
REMOVAL, RECOVERY AND REUSE
6.1. Removal and Recovery of FOG
The principle research has shifted its concentrated on FOG recovery and reusing.
Various alternatives and procedures that include FOG stack in oil traps, pre-treatment
methods, numerous deposits in the sewer and recovery of the same have been found.
6.1.1. Removing at Source
6.1.1.1. The utilization of grease interceptors and traps
Most widely recognized techniques for keeping FOG from entering the
sewer framework is by introducing an oil trap between the outlet of sink
and the general sewer. [5] They come in a wide range of structures and
sizes and are likewise called programmed grease recuperation units, oil
interceptors, waste oil units and oil abatement gadgets. These traps might
be introduced inside or outside the premises, as per the size or sort
required. Indoor types are planned for constrained beverage or food and
are usually seen near a sink. While, Outdoor traps, also called open air
traps, have a bigger limit, reduced maintenance costs and simpler
passage for the collection of waste. These remotely introduced
interceptors were observed to be much more proficient in the removal of
FOG with nearly 80% of it expelled from the effluent.
There are ordinarily three layers found in the accumulations inside the oil
traps. The topmost layer has deposits which float (principally Fat Oil
Grease), the centre fluid layer has an abundant of organic matter present,
while the base layer is mostly for solid waste comprising food and different
solid particles. The chemical and physical qualities of the waste
accumulated in the grease traps can differ significantly relying upon the
sort of restaurant or kitchen, the oil interceptor (i.e., size, inlet/outlet
funnelling), and the recurrence/regularity at which the device is cleaned.
Figure 27: Grease Trap
The utilization of oil traps permits the collection of FOG independently
from the effluent discarded in the sewer system. The recovered fat, oil and
grease is normally called ‘brown grease’. Collection of effluent encourages
the further preparation of the recovered FOG free of other waste, giving a

35. 25
chance to use in other processes, for example, biodiesel generation or
upgrading anaerobic processing at WWTP. While sending FOG waste
recovered from oil traps to traditional waste disposal areas is not perfect,
it just offers a reasonable alternative for keeping FOG out of the sewer
framework until further processes are completely developed.
6.1.1.2. Other Options
Another solution for the removal of grease is the utilization of a bacterial
bio-remediation at prominent restaurants and take-away zones, where
there is a past record of sewer blockages, sewer floods and odour issues.
After the utilization of bio-remediation, sewer blockages can be reduced
to around half, along with a significant reduction in the odour grievances
and contamination incidences. [5] A bio-added substance containing five
distinct strains of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, known to
degrade FOG can be added to oil traps nearly over a three-month time
frame. Amid this time there is expected to be a 40% decrease in the
measure of FOG deposits in the sewers.
6.1.2. Elimination from Sewer System
As of now, expulsion of FOG from areas inside the sewer system has a
tendency to be responsive after a blockage. As a matter of choice,
collecting the accumulations from known ‘hot spots’ or 'problematic areas'
of high deposits might be an alternative that permits recovery of FOG,
which can be used after further processes. FOG gathering from sewers
may also offer the most trouble as far as the following are concerned:
 logistics,
 potential access issues,
 a high labour necessity with the related health and safety issues, and
 the challenges faced because of the inconsistent rate and area of
blockage accumulation.
This alternative may offer a potential answer for zones of high volumes
and high recurrence of blockages. But, it is unrealistic to be financially
savvy for regions with small volumes or where deposition is more
sporadic.
6.1.3. Removal at WWTP
Although, the choice of recuperating FOG once it has entered WWTP has
the benefit of less transport necessities, it also has various potential issues
connected with recovery at this stage. It has no effect on the issue of FOG
statement in the sewer framework. [5] Various gadgets are accessible that
will expel FOG from the surface of accumulation tanks albeit little data is
accessible about the expense and proficiency of these procedures.
Removal of FOG at late stage of WWTP may also prompt a prerequisite
for extra processes. This would build costs and may also require extra
limit.

36. 26
6.2. Reusing the Recovered FOG
6.2.1. Land application
While the immediate utilization of recovered FOG to the land is possibly one of
the cheapest choices, this is entirely controlled which will confine its potential for
the disposal of the same. In spite of the fact that land application has been
referred to as enhancing the soil’s natural carbon content and may avert nitrogen
draining, it should be utilized carefully as the high fat substance can bring about
a formation of a coat around the soil particles keeping roots away from water.
Figure 28: Landfill in Ajman
6.2.2. Composting or Using as Fertilizer
Composting may result in the production of a final item/product that can be sold
for use on the land as a soil fertilizer, and will likewise lessen the potential for
methane, which is produced if the recovered FOG had been landfilled. To date
no examination has been performed to evaluate the utilization of recovered FOG
for direct-to-area applications other than composting.
6.2.3. Biodiesel
An expansion in ecological and environmental awareness, alongside concerns
related to sustainability of future energy, has constrained the thought of
contrasting options to fossil energizes. [8] Biodiesel, which can be utilized as
biofuel, is generally viewed as an appropriate option. It can be formed from
renewable sources through transesterification and it is appropriate with existing
innovative technologies and infrastructural foundations.
6.2.4. Anaerobic digestion and biogas production
One potential alternative is to utilize FOG waste gathered from oil traps, sewers
or WWTP as a second feedstock for digestion or absorption. Generally, FOG
waste, once balanced out, has been discarded to landfills. The utilization of AD
of FOG waste with the sludge reduces the general volume of waste bound for
landfill along with an increase in the biogas produced.
FOG collected from the food industries increases the biogas generation by more
than 30% when added directly to the anaerobic digester. It also permits WWTPs
to meet more than half of their power demand by on-site electricity generation.

37. 27
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION
This report has checked all the present information with respect to the finest practices
taking place by Moalajah FZC in its Sewer Network System, particularly in Ajman. It
completely presents information about on-going efforts and the overall general
information about the operations taking place there. This Reports also gives an
overview of Trade Effluent Management, which plays a key role in O&M of the Sewer
Networks in any City, and so is the Trade Effluent Team of Moalajah.
This report has also reviewed FOG management and investigated probabilities for the
reuse of retrieved FOG. The fundamental discoveries are concluded in the subsequent
core points:
1. Both residential and commercial properties add fats, oil and greases
fundamentally in the waste water framework.
2. Compelling FOG control requires control at source as well as in the operation
and maintenance measures.
3. Training, awareness and user employments work as a core component while
controlling the effluent.
4. Recognition of hot spots, blockages and the sources likely to produce FOG is
a key movement in managing FOG.
5. Accumulation of FOG at source has all the earmarks of being the most
financially savvy choice for the recovery of FOG.
6. While FOG in the waste water is a noteworthy issue, these materials can also
be recovered for use in various processes that will enhance nature and be
effective in WWTP. Key solution to this is education and urging organizations
to consider FOG as a significant resource instead of waste.
Suggestions include the following:
1. Use of the recovered FOG as a source of fertilizer to be applied on land.
2. Anaerobic digestion of recovered FOG with different materials like sludge
3. Transformation to biodiesel
All the above present open doors for decreasing the expense of working treatment
process along with a decrease in landfill load.
Moalajah FZC is doing a great job by treating the wastewater, in turn serving the
citizens with a clean and healthy environment to live in.

38. 28
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A. PUMPING STATIONS
Figure_Apx A-1: Schematic representation of the flow of sewage through
rising mains in the system.

39. 29
APPENDIX B. SURVEY FORMS
Figure_Apx B-1: Onsite Analysis Form

40. 30
Figure_Apx B-2: Industrial Property Survey Form

41. 31
Figure_Apx B-3: Commercial Property Survey Form

42. 32
APPENDIX C. SURVEY SAMPLE
Figure_Apx C-1: OSA Survey Sample

43. 33
APPENDIX D. GLOSSARY
This section defines common terms and process development terms.
1. Waste water- is any water that has been antagonistically influenced in quality by
natural contamination impact and environmental pollution. It can originate from
various sources, like domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities,
surface runoff or storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration.
2. Sewage - water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, that is intended to be
removed from a community
3. Sewer System - an underground carriage framework particularly to transport
sewage from houses and commercial structures through channels to treatment.
4. Sewerage - the activity of providing drainage by sewers.
5. Organic compounds - An organic compound is any member of a large class of
gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
Dead plants, creatures, microscopic organisms and parasites all contain organic
compounds
6. Inorganic Compounds - Can be characterized as an artificial compound. Some
compounds which contain carbon are typically viewed as inorganic. These
incorporate carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates,
carbides, and thiocyanates.
7. Municipal wastewater - in a combined sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a
wastewater treatment plant.
8. Suspended solids - small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as
a colloid or due to the motion of the water.
9. Effluent - an outflowing of water or gas from a characteristic natural waterway, or
from an artificial structure.
10. Efficient treatment - accomplishing most extreme productivity with least
squandered effort and managing something.
11. Vacuum cleaning - an electrical mechanical apparatus for suction, that gathers
dust and little particles from floors and different surfaces
12. Man hole - a small secured opening in a cleared zone permitting access
underneath, particularly one leading to a sewer.
13. Jetting nozzles - a tube shaped or round spout toward the end of a channel, hose,
or tube used to control a jet of gas or fluid
14. Combination tankers – Tankers which can multi-task i.e. do powerful suction and
pressure jetting simultaneously. Powerful suction can be utilized to evacuate
effluent, sewage, waste water and numerous different sorts of fluid waste. The
high pressure jetting can be utilized to clear blockages, purge ravines, wash down
calls that can stop the working of sewage frameworks.
15. Cuvette- a straight-sided clear holder for holding fluid samples in a contraption for
measuring the power of light in a part of the spectrum range or other instrument.
16. Clarifier - Settling tanks worked with mechanical means for persistent removal of
solids form a sediment.

44. 34
17. Scrubber - a brush or another item used to clean/absorb/adsorb something.
18. Bio filter - a contamination control system utilizing living matter to catch and
organically degrade toxins.
19. Precipitation - the action or process of formation of a deposit of a substance from
a solution.
20. Solubilisation - the process whereby something becomes soluble or more
soluble. process whereby something gets to be dissolvable or more solvent
21. Desiccator - glass container holding a drying operator for expelling moisture from
samples and shielding them from water vapour noticeable all around.
22. Dissolved oxygen (DO) - is the measure of oxygen that is available in the water.
It is measured in milligrams per litre (mg/L), or the quantity of milligrams of oxygen
broke up in a litre of water.
23. Oxidation - process of addition of oxygen to an element or a compound.
24. Emulsion - A blend of two or more fluids that are typically immiscible. Emulsions
are a piece of a broader class of two-stage frameworks of matter called colloids.
Despite the fact that the terms colloid and emulsion are once in a while utilized
conversely, emulsion ought to be utilized when both stages, scattered and
consistent, are fluids.
25. Biodegradability – disintegration of various materials by biological means
26. Bio-remediation - the utilization of either naturally occurring or intentionally
acquainted microorganisms to consume and separate ecological toxins, so as to
clean a contaminated site
27. Bio fuel – Fuel derived from living matter.
28. Anaerobic digestion - series of biological processes occurring in the absence of
oxygen, where microorganisms break down biodegradable matter.
29. Bio gas – Gaseous fuel produced by fermentation of organic matter
30. Key Polluter – a commercial or industrial which violates the allowable limit of the
trade effluent

45. 35
References
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[2] “Gulf news,” [Online]. Available:
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manage-ajman-wastewater-1.225053.
[3] “Super Geo,” [Online]. Available:
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[4] I. Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA,” [Online]. Available:
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manual_primary_secondary_tertiary1.pdf.
[5] “Bioremediate,” [Online]. Available:
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[6] “Net Regs,” [Online]. Available:
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. [Accessed 25 June 2016].
[7] “United Utilities,” [Online]. Available:
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f.
[8] F. D. o. E. Protection. [Online]. Available:
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[9] “World Health Organisation,” [Online]. Available:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/en/.