Paper recycling in terms of de-inking

1. Recyclability for paper and board
from the viewpoint of de-inking
Dr. SHIMIZU, Hirokazu
Visiting Senior Researcher, Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
President, SHIMIZU PRINTING INC.
Expert, ISO TC130 WG11 (Environmental impact of printed products)
1

2. Contents
1. Background
A. Paper and board production
B. Main paper recovery pathway
C. Paper and board recovery rate and utilization rate
2. Experiment
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan
B. Controversial points for test procedure
C. De-inking test results from 4-different ink
3. Discussion
A. Possibility of establishing a rule for recyclability
based on de-inking
2

3. 1.Background
A. Paper and board production (worldwide, 2012)
3
000t
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
China
USA
Japan
Germany
Sweden
Korea
Canada
Finland
Brazil
Indonesia
India
Italia
France
Russia
Spain
Austlia
Mexico
Thailand
UK
Taiwan
11,417
22,630
26,083
74,375
102,500
Reference: RISI Annual Review 2013
Annual production volume=399,985,000t

4. 1.Background
A. Paper and board production (Japan, 2001-2012)
4
000t
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
30,000
32,000
Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
12,332 12,158 12,061 12,103 12,051 12,042 12,074 11,800
10,436
10,976 11,163 10,890
18,385 18,528 18,396 18,788 18,901 19,066 19,192 18,827
15,832
16,387
15,446 15,067
30,717 30,686 30,457
30,892 30,952 31,108 31,266
30,627
26,268
27,363
26,609
25,957
Total Paper Paperboard
Reference: Paper Recycling in Japan, Paper Recycling Promotion Center

5. 1.Background
B. Main Paper Recovery Pathway
5
Reference: Paper Recycling in Japan, Paper Recycling Promotion Center
Single/multi-family
residences
Local shopping
areas, office
buildings, train
stations..etc.
Shopping malls,
paper packaging
plants, printers,
bookbinders,
publishers,
newspaper
companies…etc.
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Collection by local
authorities
Group collections
(Neighbors asso.,
PTA…etc.)
Drop offs
(public facilities,
supermarket…etc.)
Collectors
Sources
Scrap
dealers
Intermediate
agents
Recoveredpapersuppliers
Specialized
collector
PapermillsExports
Collection method

6. 1.Background
C. Paper recovery rate (worldwide, 2012)
6 Reference: RISI Annual Review 2013
%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Korea
Japan
Germany
Canada
USA
Finland
Sweden
Indonesia
China
Brazil
44.444.6
52.5
61.062.264.4
73.2
77.678.0
94.6
Recovery rate =
Collected paper
Domestic consumption

7. 1.Background
C. Paper utilization rate (worldwide, 2012)
7 Reference: RISI Annual Review 2013
%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Korea
China
Germany
Japan
Indonesia
Brazil
USA
Canada
Sweden
Finland
5.3
14.2
24.5
35.4
43.3
57.4
64.3
71.672.9
84.5
Utilization rate
Consumption of
recycled paper
New pulp
=
Consumption of
recycled pulp
+
+
Recycled
paper
Recycled
pulp
+
Raw
materials
+

8. 2.Experiment
8
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan
Reference: Paper Recycling in Japan, Paper Recycling Promotion Center
1-Pulping 2-Screening 3-Kneading
4-Floating5-Bleaching6-Cleaning
Paper recycling process at paper mills

9. 2.Experiment
1. Printing sample
Print UV Bk ink (density=1.60-1.80) on fine paper (64gsm, Oji
Paper Mill) by tester, not by real press
Cure the ink by either Hg or Fe lamp (120W/cm) at the speed
of 30-40m/minute, temperature-aging at 60℃ for a week
2. Defibration (Pulping)
58g of paper (30mm×30mm…printed sheet=17.4g, white
paper=40.6g)
1.5 litre of 28-32℃ water+6.9-7.1ml of 3.75% NaOH
+6.9-7.1ml of 1.50% De-inking agent
Agitate at 3000rpm for 20-minute
Condense to 620-630g by using mesh configuration
9
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan

10. 2.Experiment
3. Dilution
Add 1350 ml of water and defiberize again for 1-minute
Transfer tested pulp and add 28-32℃ water to make 5.4kg
of 1.0% pulp density sample
4. Separating sample
Separate 4.3kg of 1.0% pulp density sample and start
floatation process
5. Floatation
Put 4.3kg of 1.0% pulp density sample into JTAPPI No.39 and
send air (3.8-4.2 litre/minute) to skim froth of pulp when
rotating screw at1500rpm
6. Collection
Collect pulp sample after stopping screws
10
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan

11. 2.Experiment
7. 2nd dilution
Add water again to increase pulp sample up to 8kg
8. pH adjustment
Add aluminum sulfate for adjusting pH to be 5.0-5.6
9. Drying to make recycled paper sample
Press and make 57-63g hand-sheet sample (5 or more) to
from recycled paper sample
10.Measure
Measure whiteness
Measure dirt particle area (>0.05m㎡)
Measure number of dirt particle (>0.30m㎡)
11
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan

12. 2.Experiment
12
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan
Printing samples
Ageing
Defibration
Storage
Floatation
J-Method for UV ink INGEDE Method11
*Bk density 1.60-1.80
*1-lamp of Hg/Fe at 120W/c㎡
Product categories:
Newspapers, Magazines,
Stationary/tickets/manuals
C=3.9%, t=20min.,
T=30℃,
m=58g,
speed=3000rpm
C=15.0%, t=20min., T=45℃,
m=200g, speed=2
Oven: t=168h, T=60℃ Oven: t=72h, T=60℃
Water bath: C=5%,
t=60min., T=45℃
1500g (m=58g)
625g (m=58g)
1975g (m=58g)
5400g (m=58g)
4300g (m=46g)
+1350g water
+3425g water
-900g water+pulp
Cell: C=0.8%, t=12min.,
T=45℃, m=180g,
Cell: C=1.1%, t=10min.,
T=30℃, m=46g, air=4l/min.
Reference: Assessment of Print Product Recyclability -Deinkability Test-, INGEDE
0.6% NaOH, 1.8% Sodium silicate,
0.7% H2O2, 0.8% Oleic acid
3.75% NaOH, 1.5% De-inking agent

13. 2.Experiment
ISO related codes
13
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan
Reference: INGEDE Methods, INGEDE
Reference: Test method for recycle-focused UV ink, Japan Federation of Printing Industries

14. 2.Experiment
Difference between J-Method (J) and INGEDE Method(I)
Printing sample is categorized by products (I)
Methods for different materials (hot-stamp, sticker…) (J)
Testing fine paper only (J)
More evaluation parameters (I)
• Luminosity
• Color
• Cleanliness
• Ink elimination
• Filtrate darkening
Definition in size for dirt particle area is much bigger (J)
Weighting is utilized for Rating deinkability scores (I)
14
A. De-inking test procedure for UV ink in Japan
Quality of deinked pulp
Process parameters

15. 2.Experiment
1. Tested not by real press?
Recyclability test by real press is not considered
2. Printing speed of 30-40m/minute is appropriate?
Actual UV energy is different from testing condition
3. Type of UV lamp can be Hg or Fe?
Curing condition of ink can be totally different
4. Radiation distance by UV lamp should be defined?
Distance from UV lamp to substrate is key factor for curing
5. Lifetime of UV lamp can be “averaged life-time”?
Energy of UV lamp can be dropped suddenly at uncertain point
6. Ink density can be 1.40 or more on fine paper?
When printing on coated paper at 2.00…1.25 on fine paper
7. Measuring device (filter setting) should be defined?
Color density can be changed by different devices (different settings)
15
B. Controversial points for test procedure

16. 2.Experiment
16
B. Controversial points for test procedure
UV lamp house and reflector for manroland R710

17. 2.Experiment
17
B. Controversial points for test procedure
UV lamp house is taken out from a press to check real
lamp power directly by lighting UV lamp outside a press

18. 2.Experiment
18
B. Controversial points for test procedure
Measuring UV lamps: pulling out a UV lamp house from a press, mount it on
conveyor, and light a lamp. Then, check energy and power of a lamp by measuring
device to know actual power on a press. Please do not try at your factory.

19. 2.Experiment
19
B. Controversial points for test procedure
Energy and power for different types of UV lamps
Item EyeGraphics EyeGraphics EyeGraphics EyeGraphics
Lamp Hg Hg Fe Fe
Usage h. 0h 900h 0h 900h
Type 160W/cm 160W/cm 160W/cm 160W/cm
Reflector Used Used Used Used
Position/
speed
82mm, 25m/min. 82mm, 25m/min. 82mm, 25m/min. 82mm, 25m/min.
Energy/
Peak
E(mJ/c㎡) P(mW/c㎡) E(mJ/c㎡) P(mW/c㎡) E(mJ/c㎡) P(mW/c㎡) E(mJ/c㎡) P(mW/c㎡)
1st 106 338 100 312 248 846 142 422
2nd 106 340 100 316 249 864 142 422
3rd 106 340 101 316 250 878 143 426
Avg 106 339 100 314 249 862 142 423
% 100% 100% 94% 93% 100% 100% 57% 49%
Usage hours for testing condition should be specified especially when using
Fe lamp since its power could be half after using 900 hours

20. 2.Experiment
20
B. Controversial points for test procedure
Energy and power for different types of UV lamps
EyeGraphics EyeGraphics EyeGraphics
Lamp Hg Hg Hg
Usage h. 0h 900h 0h
Type 160W/cm 120W/cm 160W/cm
Reflector Used Used Used
Position/
speed
82mm, 25m/min. 82mm, 25m/min. 82mm+20mm, 25m/min.
Energy/
Peak
E(mJ/c㎡) P(mW/c㎡) E(mJ/c㎡) P(mW/c㎡) E(mJ/c㎡) P(mW/c㎡)
1st 106 338 79 260 93 280
2nd 106 340 78 258 94 280
3rd 106 340 78 258 94 278
Avg 106 339 78 258 93 279
% 100% 100% 74% 76% 88% 82%
Distance from UV lamp to substrate for testing condition should be clarified
since curing power could be changed by position of UV lamp house

21. 2.Experiment
21
B. Controversial points for test procedure
Total energy by actual press (25m/min.)
160W: Fe(249)+Fe(249)+Hg(106)=604mJ/c㎡
160W: 604mJ/c㎡×(25m/min÷87m/min.)=173mJ/c㎡
Total energy by actual press (87m/min.=7000s/h)
J std.: Hg=106mJ/c㎡×(25m/min÷30m/min.)=88mJ/c㎡
J std.: Hg=106mJ/c㎡×(25m/min÷40m/min.)=66mJ/c㎡
Total energy by sampling test is much less than actual press
Printing sample for de-inking test is easier to be recycled than actual printed matters

22. 2.Experiment
22
B. Controversial points for test procedure
Color densities (Bk) for 4-different ink
Device settings
UV-1
(Supersensitive)
UV-1 (normal) Coventional Inkjet
Density standard: ISO-T
1.19 1.18 1.16 1.00
White base: Abs.
Density standard: ISO-T
1.14 1.13 1.10 0.97
White base: Paper
Density is 2.00 when printed on coated paper; it
is impossible to be 1.60 or more on fine paper
Density value can be different when setting of measuring device is not the
same; it should be clearly stated about measuring mode

23. 2.Experiment
23
C. De-inking test results from 4-different ink
Testing conditions for 4-different ink
UV ink-1
(supersensitive)
UV ink-2 (normal) Conventional Ink jet
Ink density
(ISO-T)
1.19 1.18 1.16 1.00
Paper
OK Prince
(fine paper by OJI)
OK Prince
(fine paper by OJI)
OK Prince
(fine paper by OJI)
OK Prince
(fine paper by OJI)
Press manroland R707 manroland R707 Akiyama ?
UV device 120W, Hg 120W, Hg NA NA
Aging period
1-week, normal
temperature
1-week, normal
temperature
1-week, normal
temperature
1-week, normal
temperature
Unfortunately,type of inkjet cannot be specified

24. 2.Experiment
24
C. De-inking test results from 4-different ink
Whiteness (ISO) for 4-different ink
Items
Number of
tests
Avg Max Min SD
UV-1
(supersensitive) 10 72.85 72.95 72.75 0.0755
UV-2 (normal) 10 73.00 73.15 72.80 0.0101
Conventional 10 66.40 66.70 66.10 0.205
Inkjet 10 42.75 42.95 42.65 0.102
Inkjet show lower whiteness (lower than threshold?) because
of small dirt specks entwining around fibre

25. 2.Experiment
25
C. De-inking test results from 4-different ink
Dirt particle areas (>0.05m㎡) for 4-different ink
Items
Number of
tests
Avg Max Min SD
UV-1
(supersensitive) 5 196 223 165 22.1
UV-2 (normal) 5 290 338 260 30.1
Conventional 5 94.1 146 54.5 34.0
Inkjet 5 5.38 15.0 0.00 5.85
Dirt particles should be lower than 1300m㎡/㎡, so all of those can
pass criteria (because of low density of ink?)

26. 2.Experiment
26
C. De-inking test results from 4-different ink
Number of dirt particles (>0.3m㎡) for 4-different ink
Items
Number of
tests
Avg Max Min SD
UV-1
(supersensitive) 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
UV-2 (normal) 5 0.20 1.00 0.00 0.45
Conventional 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Inkjet 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Number of dirt particles for UV-2 has ink spot; there was only one
sheet which has a spot among 5-sample

27. 2.Experiment
27
C. De-inking test results by 4-different ink
Dried hand-sheet,UV-1 Dried hand-sheet,UV-2
Dried hand-sheet,Conv. Dried hand-sheet,Ink jet

28. 2.Experiment
1. Whiteness (no criteria is specified)
Ink jet is extremely low, so is considered as non-preferred
one to be recycled though it can pass other criteria
2. Dirt particle area (total area of 0.05m㎡ should be less
than 1300m㎡/㎡)
UV-2 can pass the criteria though only UV-1 is regarded as
“eco-conscious UV ink”
3. Number of dirt (a sample on which a dirt can be found
should not be more than one among 5-sample)
All inks can be considered as non-problematic inks
28
C. De-inking test results by 4-different ink

29. 3.Discussion
Testing and verification rules
Printing:
• Paper (type and thickness)
• Energy (UV/LED)
• Ink (density)
De-inking:
• Experimental processes
• Experimental conditions
• Standards for verification result
Verification
• Verification items
• Scoring procedure
• Criteria for determining
29
A. Possibility of establishing a rule for de-inking

30. 3.Discussion
Labeling rules
Labels for recommended combinations of materials for
printed matter
Labels for reducing workload to separate paper for recycling
at paper mills
Others
Possibility to fix a rule to what extent?
Who will study existing ISO rules relating to paper recycling
test procedure and rules in different countries?
Possibility to include surface coating and hot-stamping,
sticker..etc.?
Institutions working on recycling test should have approval
and license?
Any other rules for de-inking in other countries?
30
A. Possibility of establishing a rule for de-inking

31. 31
Thank you for your close attention
!
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