This document discusses hybrid seed production in Brassica napus (canola). It begins with an introduction to B. napus and heterosis. It then discusses the development of inbred lines, combining ability testing, inducing male sterility, hybrid seed production steps, selection criteria for hybrids, and maintaining hybrid purity. Key advantages of hybrids over open-pollinated varieties are also summarized, such as higher yield potential and better stress tolerance in hybrids. The document provides references for further reading on the topics covered.

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By
Shehzad Ahmad Kang
PhD Scholar P.B.G.
Email ID: shehzadpbg@gmail.com

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Hybrid Seed Production in
Brassica napus (Canola)

4. Introduction
 Brassica genus consists of approximately
100 species, including Brassica napus L.,
commonly known as oilseed rape. It is
originated in either the Mediterranean
area or Northern Europe. It is thought to
have originated from a cross from two
closely related diploid species, Brassica
oleracea and Brassica rapa.
(Jessop & Toelken 1986)
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 An important phenomenon in biology, the
hybrids show better growth and fertility
over their parents (Darwin, 1876). Such
hybrid vigour or heterosis was
rediscovered nearly a century ago as an
amazing agricultural fact that has been
found to occur in many crop species
(Shull, 1908).
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 Sprague and Tatum (1942) discovered the
concepts of general combining ability
(GCA) and specific combining ability
(SCA). General combining ability and
Specific combining ability are associated
to additive and non additive genetic
effects respectively (Rojas and Sprague,
1952).
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 The importance of heterosis in agriculture
is clear from the impressive increases in
yield calculated follow the entry of hybrids
to crop production over past 50 years
(Duvick, 1999). Heterosis enhances crop
production by at least fifteen percent
which in combination with modern, higher
seed yielding (Fu, 2007).
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 Inbred lines and better agronomic
techniques have resulted in constant
increase in performance (Duvick, 2001).
Additive gene effects mainly contributed
to hybrid performance because the mean
squares of GCA were higher as compared
to SCA {Qian et al. (2007)}
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What is Hybrid Seed & its Uses

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Hybrid Seed
“A seed developed after crossing two
selected homozygous pure lines (Self
pollinated crops) or inbred lines (Cross
pollinated crops)”.

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ROLE / IMPORTANCE OF HYBRIDS
 High yield {Sincik et. al. (2011)}
 Price stability
 Extension in Canola oil availability
{Sing et. al. (2010)}

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Characteristics of Hybrid Seed
 High yielded
 Larger hybrid seed size boosts early vigor
for quicker ground cover {Turi et. al. (2011)}
 Uniform maturity and excellent
standability makes harvest easier {Prat et
al. (2002)}

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 Hybrid heterosis increases yield and oil
content to maximize profitability{Hu
(1999)}
 Improved stress tolerance reduces the
seasonal variability
 Unique hybridization system optimizes
hybrid seed quality

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Uses of Hybrid Seed
 Used only to raise F1 crop
 Not useful as F2 crop because of
segregation
 Useful under high and precise input
system

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Breeding Objectives
High yield (Malek et al. (2012)
Earliness {Vaghela et. al. (2011)}
More Seed weight {Prat et al. (2002)}
More No. of seeds/pod
More No. of pods/plant
Disease/insect pest resistance

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Steps involved in Hybrid
Seed Production

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Steps involved in Hybrid Breeding
 Development of inbred lines
(07 Generations of selfing)
 Combining ability testing{Grant, W. D.
Beversdorf. 1985}
 Induction of male sterility and fertility
restoration systems in selected lines
(Pathania A. et al.
 Hybrid seed production

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STEPS INVOLVED IN INBRED LINE
DEVELOPMENT
 Selfing up to F7
 e.g. Brassica napus (canola)
 Controlled selfing
 Identification of flower
 Flower bagging

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STEPS INVOLVED IN COMBINING
ABILITY TESTING
 No. of combinations: n (n – 1)/2
n : 12 (12 – 1)/2 = 66
 (Only direct crosses are required)
 Synthesis of F1 {Saha,. S. C. 2011}
 Emasculation
 Pollination
 Evaluation of F1hybrids

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EXPLANATION OF SPECIFIC COMBING
ABILITY
 Inbred line development {Etedali and
Khandan,2012}
 Combining ability testing (Chapi et al. (2008))
 Male sterility induction(Renard,M. et al. 1993)
 Genetic
 Cytoplasmic
 Chemical e.g EMS,Mustred gas (Inhibition of
male flowers) (Sumie et al. 2003)
 Manual
 Emasculation
 Clipping of male flowers

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SELECTION CRITERIA OF HYBRIDS
 Indeterminate (Continuous
growth/tall)
 Determinate (Dwarf)
 Disease resistance
 Insect pest resistance

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•Acceptable morphological
characteristics
 Seed Weight (Nasrin et. al. 2011)
 Shape/Size (Faraji,.A 2012)
 Colour
 Oil Contents (Azizinia 2012)
 Yield per acre (Rameeh 2012)

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PURITY MAINTENANCE
 Highly uniform
 Leaf colour
 Plant height
 Pod shape
 Pod length
 Pod colour
 Stem colour

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Fertile flower of male canola inbred
showing stigma and stamen

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Sterile flower of female
canola inbred

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Pollination
 Cross pollination requires pollen
movement from the male to the
female inbred plants.
 Placement of bees in the field
during flowering assists pollen
flow to maximize cross pollination.

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Canola Field

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Crossed pods

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Differences between hybrid and
open-pollinated Variety
 Hybrid canola generally has a higher yield
potential(45 mon/acre) than in-bred OP
varieties(27 mon/acre). This improved yield is
achieved through a combination of superior
traits, such as larger seeds assisting with early
vigor and better stress tolerance.
 The early vigor of hybrids provides competition
with weeds (Lakshmi et al. (2001) ).
 Hybrids can produce more biomass, making them
a better choice for grazing when grown as a dual
purpose crop.
 Seeds of hybrid is around two and a half times
more expensive than OP canola seed.

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Canola Hybrids
Pioneer Seed Company:
 44Yo6,45Y77,46Y78,Hybrid mustard
ICI Seed Company:
 Hyola 76,Hyola 50,Hyola 571CL,Hyola 401
Auriga Seed Corporation:
 Omega 3, Shahkaar

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OP Varieties of Canola
NARC Islamabad:
 Westar, Shiralee, CON-I,
CON-II, Pakola
AARI Faisalabad:
 Punjab sarsoon, Faisal canola

32. References
 Azizinia, S. 2012. Combining Ability Analysis of Yield Component
Parameters in Winter Rapeseed Genotypes (Brassica napus L.) j.
Agric.Sci. 4(4): 87-94.
 Chapi, O.G., A.S. Hashemi, E. Yasari and G.A. Nematzadeh. 2008.
Diallel analysis of seedling traits in Canola. Int. J. Plant Breed.
Genet. 2 (1): 28–34
 Darwin, C.R. 1876. The Effects of Cross- and Self-fertilization in
the Vegetable Kingdom, John Murray. Longman, Essex, UK.
 Duvick, D.N. 1999. Heterosis: feeding people and protecting
natural resources. In The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in
Crops (Coors, J.G. and Pandey, S., eds), pp. 19–29, American
Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil
Science Society of America.
 Duvick, D.N. 2001. Biotechnology in the 1930s: the development
of hybrid maize. Nat. Rev. Gene. 2: 69–74.
 Fu T D. 2007. The quality improvement of rapeseed. Crop
Research, 3, 159-162. (in Chinese)
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33. Conti……
 Grant, W. D. Beversdorf. 1985. Heterosis and combining ability
estimates in spring-planted oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).
anadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 1985, 27(4): 472-478.
 Hu, M.H. 1999. Some correlated aspects on the utilization of
heterosis in tuber mustard (Brassica juncea L. var. tumida).
Zhejiang-Nongye-Kexue 5:234-236.
 Jessop J.P., H.R. Toelken, 1986. Flora of Australia. Part 1:
Lycopodiaceae-Rosaceae. South Australian Government Printing
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 Lakshmi, K., L. Kant and S.C. Gulati. 2001. Genetic analysis for
yield, its components and oil contents in Indian mustard (Barssica
juncea L. Czern and Coss). Ind. J. Plant Breed. 61(1): 37-40.
 Malek,M.,A. M. R. Ismail, M. Y. Rafii, and M. Rahman,2012.
Synthetic Brassica napus L.: Development and Studies on
Morphological Characters, Yield Attributes, and Yield. The Sci. W.J.
2012 (6).
 Nasrin, M., F. Nur, M.K. Nasreen, M.S.R. Bhuiyan, S. Sarkar and
M.M. Islam, 2011. Heterosis and combining ability analysis in
Indian mustard. (Brassica juncea). Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 6(1):
65-71.
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 Prat ,. P.E. and M. M. v. L. Campagne,. 2002, Hybrid seed
production and the challenge of propagating male-sterile plants.
Trends in Plant Science, Volume 7, Issue 5, 199-203
 Pathania A and S. R.Bhat. 2003, Cytoplasmic male sterility in
alloplasmic Brassica juncea carrying Diplotaxis
catholica cytoplasm: molecular characterization and genetics of
fertility restoration. Theo and App. Genet. Volume 107, pp 455-
461
 Qian, W., O. Sass, J. Meng, M. Li, M. Frauen, C. Jung. 2007.
Heterotic patterns in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): I. Crosses
between spring and Chinese semi-winter lines. Theor. Appl. Gene.
115(1): 27-34
 Rojas, BA. and G.F. Sprague. 1952. A comparison of various
components in corn yield traits: General and specific combining
ability and their interaction with locations and year. Agron. J.
44:462-466.
 Renard,M. M. Denis, R. Delourme, J. P. Gourret and C.
Mariani.1993. Expression of Engineered Nuclear Male Sterility in
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to Temperature), Amr Soci of Pl. Biologists,vol. 101 no. 4 1295-
1304 34

35. Conti……
 Etedali ,.F, A. Khandan.2012. Determination of hybrid vigor and
inheritance for Regeneration in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Int. J.
Agr and Pl. Prod. Vol., 3 (4), 145-153
 Faraji,.A.2012. Oil concentration in canola (Brassica napus L.) as a
function of environmental conditions during seed filling period.
Int. J. Pl. Prod. 6 (3),
 Rameeh, V., 2012. Combining Ability Analysis of Plant Height and
Yield Components in Spring Type of Rapeseed Varieties (Brassica
napus L.) Using Line × Tester Analysis. Int. J. Agric. Forest. 2(1):
58-62
 Shull, G.H. 1908. The Composition of Field of Maize. Am. Breed.
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 Sumie, I., H. Katsunori, and O. Kiyotaka. 2003. Antisense
inhibition of a nuclear gene, BrDAD1, in Brassica causes male
sterility that is restorable with jasmonic acid treatment. J. Mol.
Breed. Volume 11, pp 325-336. 35

36. Conti….
 Saha,. S. C. 2011. Performance of Source Nursary of Pollen Parent
and Cms Lines of Brassica napus L. J.Agri.sci. Vol. 3, No. 2.
 Singh, M., L. Singh and S.B.L. Srivastava, 2010. Combining ability
analysis in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss). J.
Oilseed Brassica, 2010 1(1): 23-27
 Sinick, M., A.T. Goksoy, Z.M. Turan, 2011. The Heterosis and
Combining Ability of Diallel Crosses of Rapeseed Inbred Lines.
Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo, 2011, 39(2):242-248.
 Turi, N.A., Raziuddin, Farhatullah, N.U. Khan, G. Hassan, J. Bakht,
S. Khan and M. Shafi, 2011. Combining Ability for Yield Related
Traits in Brassica juncea. Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): 1241-1248
 Vaghela, P.O., D.A. Thakkar, H.S. Bhadauria, D.A. Sutariya, S.K.
Parmar and D.V. Prajapati. 2011. Heterosis and combining ability
for yield and its component traits in Indian mustard (Brassica
juncea L.). J. Oilseed Brassica, 2(1): 39-43.
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