This Presentation is basically about microcontroller and microprocessor.. you will also get an idea of DC motor and Stepper motor..

1. Compiled By : Richa Arora Akshat Rohtagi ECE HMRITM

3. Block Diagram of Embedded System

5. IC 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

7. 8051 Internal Architecture

8. IC 8051 Pin Description Ground Voltage Supply (+5V)

9. IC 8051 Pin Description Port 0 from Pin-39 to Pin-32 An 8-bit open drain bidirectional port. DUAL FUNCTION Used to access both data and address

10. IC 8051 Pin Description Port 1 from Pin-1 to pin-8 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups

11. IC 8051 Pin Description Port 2 from Pin-21 to pin-28 Used to access address and I/O

12. IC 8051 Pin Description Port 3 from Pin-10 to Pin-17 P3.0 : RxD(serial input port) P3.1 :TxD (serial output port) P3.2 : INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 : INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 :T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 :T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 :WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 :RD (external data memory read strobe)

13. crystal reset External memory Add. Latch enable Program Store Enable IC 8051 Pin Description

14. IC 8051 Daily Applications Moving message display Digital clock Traffic Light 7 segment display

17. Interrupts in 8051 Internal Interrupts EX0 Enables or disables external interrupt ET0 Enables or disables timer 0 overflow interrupt EX1 Enables or disables external interrupt 1 ET1 Enables or disables timer 1 overflow interrupt ES Enables or disables the serial port interrupt ET2 Enables or disables timer 2 overflow or capture interrupt -- Not implemented, reserved for future use EA Disables all interrupts External Interrupts P3.2 :INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 :INT1 (external interrupt 1) EA - ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

19. IC 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

21. IC 8085 Pin Description

25. 8085 Internal Architecture

26. Accumulator: It is 8 bit general purpose register. It is connected to ALU. So most of the operations are done in Acc. Temporary register: All the arithmetic and logical operations are done in the temporary register but user can’t access it. Flag: It is a group of 5 flip flops used to know status of various operations done. The Flag Register along with Accumulator is called PSW or Program Status Word. Arithmetic and Logical Group

27. S: Sign flag is set when result of an operation is negative. Z : Zero flag is set when result of an operation is 0. Ac : Auxiliary carry flag is set when there is a carry out of lower nibble or lower four bits of the operation. CY: Carry flag is set when there is carry generated by an operation. P: Parity flag is set when result contains even number of 1’s. Rest are don’t care flip flops. Flag is given by : Arithmetic and Logical Group S Z - AC - P - CY

28. Temporary registers (W,Z): These are not available for user. These are loaded only when there is an operation being performed. General purpose: There are six general purpose registers in 8085 namely B,C,D,E,H,L These are used for various data manipulations. Special purpose : There are two special purpose registers in 8085: SP : ( Stack Pointer) This is a temporary storage memory 16 bit register. Since there are only 6 general purpose registers, there is a need to reuse them PC: ( Program Counter) It is 16 bit register used to point the location from which the next instruction is to be fetched. Register Group

29. Immediate addressing: Immediate data is transferred to address or register. Example : MVI A,20H Register addressing: Data is transferred from one register to other. Example : MOV A, C Indirect addressing: Data is transferred from address pointed by the data in a register to other register or vice-versa. Example: MOV A, M Implied addressing: These doesn’t require any operand. The data is specified in Opcode itself. Example: RAL: Rotate left with carry. IC 8085 Addressing modes

33. Timing and State Diagram Op-code fetch cycle :

34. Seven segments are electronic components that can be used to displaying alphanumeric characters, 7 LED are used (as shown in figure) and is designed from a dot-point with the size. pin configuration of seven segment Seven Segment Display

35. Port Relations Microcontroller with pin 7 Segment 7 pins of the microcontroller are used to shape the character of your LED display Seven Segment Display

36. Table 1. Configuring the Character 7 Segment Data Seven Segment Display

37. 8051 Microcontroller Design Softwares

38. Software’s Used Keil µVision Top View Simulator Express PCB

42. Top View Simulator A Top View Simulator Program

43. Express PCB Express PCB allows you to design schematics and PCB's. It is ideal for those that are looking to design anywhere from a two to four layer circuit board. A drop and drag design allows users to pick the components of the circuit board and drop it onto the circuit board in the software program. The designer can then place various pins in the circuit board to show where things need to be connected. It also has the ability of the program to show the designer where there are flaws in their design.

44. This way we can include resistors This way we can include different kind of IC’s Express PCB

45. DC Motor interfacing with Microcontrollers DC motors are always preffered over stepper motors. There are many things which we can do with our DC motor when interfaced with microcontroller. For example: we can control the speed of motor, we can control the direction of rotation, we can also do encoding of the rotation made by DC motor i.e. keeping track of how many turns are made by our motors etc. Usually H-bridge is preffered way of interfacing a DC motor. L293D is most used H-Bridge driver IC.

46. Working of H-Bridge The name "H-Bridge" is derived from the actual shape of the switching circuit which control the motion of the motor. It is also known as "Full Bridge". Basically there are four switching elements in the H-Bridge as shown

48. Stepper Motor Of all motors, step motor is the easiest to control. It's handling simplicity is really hard to deny - all there is to do is to bring the sequence of rectangle impulses to one input of step controller and direction information to another input. Direction information is very simple and comes down to "left" for logical one on that pin and "right" for logical zero. Motor control is also very simple - every impulse makes the motor operating for one step and if there is no impulse the motor won't start. Pause between impulses can be shorter or longer and it defines revolution rate. This rate cannot be infinite because the motor won't be able to "catch up" with all the impulses (documentation on specific motor should contain such information)..

49. Interfacing of Stepper motor with 8051

50. Clock-wise Rotation of the Coils Truth table 1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1